Leadership Traits of Hilary Clinton Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Administration Traits of Hilary Clinton - Assignment Example Clinton can be followed to save various significant characteristics that drove her to turn into a fruitful pioneer in various circles. A tremendous inclination of strength and versatility towards performing various jobs in different basic circumstances has been obviously seen to be one of the ways, which drove her to turn into a prestigious just as an effective pioneer. On a further note, the steady spotlight on keeping up a solid arrangement of qualities and hard working attitudes with having certain conduct attributes can likewise be appropriately considered as the other method of driving Mrs. Clinton to be a viable pioneer (Shambaugh, 2010). With respect to the key standards and key components, the authority styles of Mrs. Clinton can be identified with that of the capacities performed by an effective supervisor. It tends to be confirmed from a more extensive understanding that specific features or characteristics of Mrs. Clinton eventually drove her to turn into a chief too. In such manner, these features or characteristics can be estimated regarding having more prominent fitness of flexibility and most indispensably be settling on compelling choices towards alleviating any kind of dangers among others (Shambaugh, 2010). Regardless of the commonness of solid qualities and moral directs, the authority styles of Mrs. Clinton were likewise seen to concentrate on a lot of manly qualities, for example, following progressively conclusive and angry administration standards. It merits referencing that during her residency as the US Senator, the initiative standards of Mrs. Clinton had been seen to incorporate a very much characterized set of qualities that fundamentally helped her to perform appointed jobs and capacities effectively. Also, Mrs. Clinton viably managed the difficulties that looked by her while performing changed capacities as a Senator (Shambaugh, 2010). Therefore, it tends to be attested that the above-talked about initiative aptitudes and skills do Mrs. Clinton satisfy as an effective pioneer or a director.

Learning From Failure: Biosphere Ii Essay

Biosphere II was a task done in Arizona got acknowledgment on 26th September 1991. Eight individuals; four men and four ladies were utilized in the investigation. Biosphere 2 was a hermetically sealed structure with its base made of steel dish and encompassed by an over the ground structure that was made of glass and steel. Inside the biosphere was everything that can possibly be found in reality. There was a desert, a swamp, a downpour timberland, a savannah, a rural land, a sea and human Habitat. This was in an exertion of making something near the earth’s biological system. These individuals were to live on air, water and food delivered by plants (Allen and Blake, 2007). The objectives of the examination were to decide the chance of building a counterfeit biosphere and the capability of such biosphere enduring. Likewise incase the biosphere didn’t flourish then the causes would have been built up. Be that as it may, Biosphere II end up being an extraordinary disappointment which had expended a great deal of assets in its foundation. Inconvenience began soon as the team got into biosphere II. To begin with, they encountered a deficiency in oxygen flexibly frustrating them from working great. The oxygen diminished to low levels to such an extent that a greater amount of it must be infused into the framework. At the point when the group had to siphon in more oxygen into the framework so as to support them, this showed biosphere II was not independent. From the outset they didn't make sense of what the issue was nevertheless they later found that was brought about via carbon dioxide which had aggregated in the framework. The carbon dioxide collected at a high rate particularly in the savanna and downpour backwoods locales. This was related with the nearness of high natural issue which the microorganisms utilized and in the process devoured a great deal of oxygen coming about to elevated levels of carbon dioxide. It was likewise expected that the trees would assume an exceptionally critical job in controlling measure of carbon dioxide noticeable all around and would have had the option to gracefully the team with adequate oxygen through the procedure of photosynthesis. In any case, the plants didn't appear to achieve this job rather the degree of oxygen continued diminishing while carbon dioxide continued expanding a wonder that was later found to have been brought about by solid that was utilized to assemble the biosphere II. Rather than carbon dioxide being spent by plants it responded with calcium hydroxide a significant part of solid which came about to development of water and calcium carbonate. This was affirmed by the researchers subsequent to testing the dividers and understanding that the inward surface of the dividers had calcium carbonate levels which were multiple times the degree of the external dividers (Alling, Nelson &Silverstone, 1993). While making their choice, the researchers had picked various types of creatures, bugs and plants that they thought would endure best in the biosphere II. In any case, before the finish of the venture just a couple of animal types had figured out how to endure. The pace of eradication was higher than anticipated and most creepy crawly species got terminated which negatively affected the plants since they were did not fertilize anymore and in this manner couldn't spread themselves. Insights show that of the 25 types of little vertebrates present in Biosphere II just 6 made due before the finish of the mission. Anyway a few animal groups were supported by nature in biosphere II. While others got wiped out; ants, cockroaches and katydids prospered along with some plant species, for example, the morning wonder. The morning wonder developed enthusiastically that it nearly gagged different plants. The team had no other option yet contributed the majority of their time attempting to get food. They encountered a deficiency in food flexibly and confronted hunger more often than not. Before the multi year time span finished the group had grown 85 percent of the food they devoured and got the remaining15 percent food from their crisis supplies. Since they depended on daylight which got through the glass to develop food, the winters of 1991 and 1992 influenced the measure of food they could develop (Marino, Odum &Thomas, 1999). This demonstrated the venture was unequipped for continuing a biological system that was adjusted. They likewise confronted different difficulties some of which remembered lack for clean water. This was because of contamination experienced in the water framework. Numerous supplements amassed in the water frameworks along these lines contaminating it. They needed to clean their water utilizing green growth mats. Other climatic irregular characteristics stuck to this same pattern where by levels of dinitrogen oxide noticeable all around expanded in a disturbing rate with the end goal that the team gambled mind harm since nutrient B12was incorporated at an incredibly moderate rate (Allen and Blake, 2007). The analyses inadequacies were likewise observed when the group fought. The individuals should cooperate as a gathering so as to draw out the best outcomes however this never occurred. Rather they split into bunches including four individuals each and arrived at the purpose of not conversing with one another aside from when it was important to run the biosphere. The exercises that can be gained from this bombed analyze originate from the slip-ups submitted by the researchers. First we become familiar with the significance of setting aside effort to arrange for whatever we mean to do. Before endeavoring anything one should take all estimates required for legitimate working of the undertaking. Additionally another basic factor to consider is the dependability of the materials and gear to be utilized in the venture (Alling, Nelson &Silverstone, 1993). On the off chance that appropriate materials had been utilized in development of the biosphere II, at that point the issue of deficient oxygen couldn't have happened. The significance of utilizing qualified work force additionally emerges. They utilized an engineer who was uncouth this come about to structuring biosphere II with numerous flaws. Anyway what can be discovered from this test all in all is the significance of relating great with one another. For anything to succeed then there ought to be collaboration among individuals concerned this means fantastic working conditions which prompts better result. References Allen J. and Blake A. (2007) Biosphere 2: the human test . New York: Viking distributers. Alling A. , Nelson M. and Silverstone S. (1993) Life under Glass: The Inside Story of Biosphere 2. Prophet: Biosphere Press. Marino B. D. , Odum H. and Thomas M. (1999) Biosphere 2: Research Past and Present Amsterdam: Elsevier distributers.

Theres More to Life Than Tooling

There’s More to Life Than Tooling The most exciting series of words you can ever hope to hear out of an MIT students mouth are these: You know what would be awesome? followed shortly by Waitwe could actually do this. These words are exciting, because MIT students take awesome and we can to a whole new level. And thats why this story starts with that question. Julie H. is a senior in Mechanical Engineering, who arrived at MIT thinking that her musical days were over. Courtesy of the HASS-D requirement, she ended up taking Harmony and Counterpoint in her sophomore year and is now double-majoring in Music. She discovered a love for composition, and, since shes always loved musical theater, began to throw around the idea of writing a musical but, in her words, it was sort of a pipe dream and she never expected it to happen. Famous last words. This IAP, Julie joined the Musical Theater Guild (MTG), and was Assistant Music Director for their performance of Jekyll and Hyde. One day, at an MTG party, magic happened. Rachel B. 11: You know what would be awesome? A musical about hacking at MIT. Julie: Ive been looking to write a musical! If you decide to do that, I will totally write music for you. *Cue lots of joking around* *Pause.* Waitwe could actually do this. And it was thus that Hack, Punt, Tool, the musical, was born. Julie even managed to find an advisor, and have the project count towards her music major as an independent study. Work began on February 6: Daniel L. 12 writing lyrics, Rachel B. 11 and Zach B. 13 writing the script, and Julie writing the music. Every Tuesday evening, they meet from 10pm to 1am, along with other MTG members who are keen to lend ideas. Today, MTG held their selection process, which occurs in two rounds. In the first round, people suggest any number or shows (usually around 30), and these are narrowed down to 4-6 shows for each production period. Anyone who has been in an MTG show in the past year can come, and cast his or her vote. There are four slots fall, IAP, spring, summer and the crew hoped that Hack, Punt, Tool would be chosen for fall or IAP. Guess what? Julie will learn the trip from Connecticut to Boston very well next year, because shes going to be doing a lot of commuting. Thats right: Hack, Punt, Tool was selected to be performed during IAP. Hooray! A little blurb about the storyline, in case youre curious a freshman comes to MIT, keen to get involved in the hacking community. All he wants to be is hardcore (there is, in fact, a song called Hardk0re*), but learns that there is more to hacking than that. *Spelled like that. Now you HAVE to come see the show. Ill let a quick excerpt speak for itself (from the song: Theres More To Life Than Tooling): Theres more to 8.01 Than getting p-sets done Studying alone youll find it rough But in a group youll find That with your minds combined The hardest problem never seems that tough. Yeah. Pretty awesome. But as awesome as the product is, it cant compare to its creator. Youve heard a gajillion times that MIT students are time management ninjas, but this takes ninja to a whole new level. Julie is a senior, which means that springtime is thesis time. I asked her what else shes been up to while writing this musical. I almost wish I hadnt. Well, Im writing my thesis, which is in product design. Im taking 2.72 Elements of Mechanical Design where we design and build our own lathe. Im taking Senior Seminar in Music, where we wrote a 20-page research paper on a field of our interest in music, and 2.674, which is a nanotechnology lab. Oh, and Im in Concert Choir. I think thats it. *Silence* Oh, and Im president of RoboCup. Yeah, no big deal. Its not like building autonomous soccer-playing robots would take up any time at all. It takes a special sort of person to successfully juggle that many commitments, but what has impressed me above class titles and thesis projects and musical endeavors has been Julies smiley face. Shes NICE. AND CHEERFUL. ALL THE TIME. ITS INCREDIBLE. There have been sleepless nights and what I would imagine has been a mind-bending amount of stress, but it never shows, and I admire her for that more than I can do justice to here. As I write, shes sitting at her computer behind me, singing. So, know this: music exists at MIT. At any given time, 30% of the student body is enrolled in a music class*. We have a Pulitzer Prize-winning professor who wrote an opera that premiered at the Metropolitan Opera. Working with the Musical Theater Guild is, according to Julie, the most fun shes ever had at MIT. *Credit to Daniel L. (lyricist and tour guide) for this statistic So, if you get the chance to be around campus during IAP 2012, swing by during the last weekend of January and the first weekend of February, and bear witness to what happens when a few dedicated undergraduates pool their brains and energy together, and turn what would be to what is. See the result of an unbelievable amount of hard work and understand what I mean when I say that, to me, Julie has redefined what it means for there to be more to MIT life than tooling.

The Siamese Revolution And Animal Farm - 1228 Words

The Siamese Revolution and Animal Farm Thailand has gone through many revolutions and rebellions, but one that stands out would definitely have to be the Revolution of 1932. That revolution in particular seemed to have started it all, from the many different constitutions to the different government phases. The Revolution of 1932 -also under name of the Siamese Revolution, Promoters Revolution, and many other names- in specific got rid of the absolute monarchy rule Thailand was previously under, and changed the country’s name of Siam to Thailand. In comparison to the book Animal Farm, these two revolutions have more differing situations than similar situations. Previous to the Revolution of 1932, Thailand was known as Siam and was under an absolute monarchy rule. Their long era of absolute monarchy was ended on June 24 ,1932. Although most absolute monarchies do not have many positives, Siam did have some positive happenings while under absolute monarchy rule. They had been ab le to preserve their independence when it was threatened by the British and French colonial advances in Southeast Asia. That had happened while Siam was under rule of Chulalongkorn. Siam was also able to gain spoils of war from being involved with World War I during the rule of Vajiravudh. Siam’s last absolute monarch was King Prajadhipok. In 1926 one of his policies was to decrease the annual salary of bureaucrats, causing dissatisfaction for those affected. According to the Peace and ConflictShow MoreRelatedCeramics: Pottery and Clay17443 Words   |  70 Pagesreflected both the individual culture and the influence of their neighbors. Typical of these ancient people were the Minoans (2500 to 1100 B.C.) on the island of Crete. They made earthenware vessels decorated in colored slips with representations of animal life in the sea. They fired their work in updraft cylindrical kilns with wood as the fuel. Like their European counterparts at a later time, the Islamic potters tried to duplicate the white Chinese porcelains with a low temperature alternative. In

Market Failure Poverty and Income Inequality - 1968 Words

Market Failure: Poverty and Income Inequality Donna Butler South University Online ECO2071 Principles of Micro-Economics Week 5, Assignment 1 Professor Brandt May 29, 2015 Market Failure: Poverty and Income Inequality Every country in the world needs basic information on the residents that live there. This information is needed for planning, for development and for trying to improve the quality of life for those residents. In order to have good planning, reliable, accurate, detailed information and information that is up-to-date needs to be gathered. This is one of the things that the census does. It gathers information for many different reasons and uses. The information is used to make it possible to plan better services,†¦show more content†¦The official poverty rate in 2010 was 15.1 percent—up from 14.3 percent in 2009. This was the third consecutive annual increase in the poverty rate. Since 2007, the poverty rate has increased by 2.6 percentage points, from 12.5 percent to 15.1 percent. In 2010 the poverty rate jumped up by almost a full present. It was the third consecutive annual increase in the poverty rate and the fourt h consecutive annual increase in the number of people that were living in poverty. In 2014 there were over 46 million people that lived in poverty and this was defined by the low level of income for those households where they made about $22,000 a year in a family of four. For children that were under the age of 18, that lived in poverty jumped from 20.7% to 22.0%. This was a total of 16.4 million kids that live in poverty. The total number of citizens that lived in poverty was equal to the population of the fifty largest cities in the US. The absolute number of people living in poverty is at the highest since the government started calculating these numbers in 1975. One of the reasons for this is because of the enormous inequality where income is concerned. Households with the lowest income of $20,000 or less a year, saw this income decline from 3.4% to 3.3%. The top 20% brought home more than 50% of all money income. Since 1990, real income has fallen 12.1% for people that are in theShow MoreRelatedPresident Obama Speech On Income Inequality And Economic Mobility1270 Words   |  6 PagesOn December 4, 2013, President Barack Obama addressed the nation, focusing on income inequality and economic mobility. 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Innovation Planning and Design Free Essays

The ever-changing marketplace in the business world imposes greatchallenges for the company to maintain stability, productivity andprofitability in the industry. In order to keep track on the competitiveenvironment, every company should develop innovation to acquirecompetitive advantage. However, acquiring just a competitive advantage willonly be for the meantime due to the fast development of technology, totalmodernization of the market and rapid changes of customer preferences. We will write a custom essay sample on Innovation Planning and Design or any similar topic only for you Order Now Innovators shall foresee these factors to combat with its competitors for it tobe successful, making innovation an essential factor for company growth. Innovations do vary in many aspects. It may take the risk of combiningdifferent types of innovation. Determining businesses whether they are mayresult to hiding their significant distinctions. The most importantcategorizations one may consider among the many developed are aclassification according to innovation type, the innovation degree and courseof sustainability (Zakic, Jovanovic, Stamatovic, 2008). Companies may decide which part of the businessdesign needsinnovatingsuch as products or processes or a combination of both. Single approach can be simple, less time consuming process compared to combinedapproach which is more involved, complicated and may be time consuming and requires substantial effort for it to be effective. Whatever process that is chosen, it will always create specialization which is advantageous to have specialized kind of innovation. Moderncompanies carefully apply options advised by experts that are suitable forits position and business model. Innovations shall be thoroughlyinvestigated and studied in order to achieve and meet the company’sobjective. Creating and developing their potentiality, designating theresources, and creating partnerships in accordance with this choice are vitalto success (Zakic, Jovanovic, Stamatovic, 2008). In varying options comes difference between processes and productsinnovation. To be able to establish successful innovative strategies andstrategic planning, understanding the differences and influence of differentfactor and its effect in business leadership structure is important. It is of utmost importance to explore all possible options to acquire different inputs. This process will ensure the verification of certain conclusion to helpleadership identify the appropriate method to innovation (Almirall Casadesus-Masanell, 2010). Innovation Systems Design Recent market concept on the business world has produced anuntamed environment. The company’s advantages do not last too long dueto tight competitions that never cease to advance and overcome the market. With these tight competitions, most businesses have created a sheer pricewar just to maintain and gain customers (Herrmann Gunter, 2004). It is therefore vital in the process for the companies to be aware of theefficient methods to design and use innovative efforts considering thesecurrent market situations. Remember that each product you serve in themarket, it goes with it your name. How customers perceive the product orservices is significant. Most customers often choose the products or servicesthat are appealing to their eyes. It also includes factors like product package,how the product is designed, and even POS system design. What messagesor ideas the product conveys to the customers are also factors. Image of thebrand and market share are determined by these factors. Discerning yourinnovative products and market perception to them is one important groundin determining business’ success (Herrmann Gunter, 2004). With the tight competition in the business industry, each companyattempts to beat its competitors. Businesses are set forinnovation, however, they often lack focus on innovating their marketing designtechniques. This lack of focus is the reason for short time competitiveadvantage. Recent research reveals that a number of small to medium sizedcompanies in the electronics industry have received governmentgrants in order to promote growth in innovative techniques and processes. Some of these were successful. However this implies that most innovativeprocesses manage to be only temporary solution as most small businessesare unable to continue long term innovative processes (Herrmann Gunter, 2004). Innovative processes have to be executed and followed accordingly. Those innovation grants were able to magnify thebusiness with growth to those companies involved. However, it did not result with an increase in profits and productivity. Foreseeing these circumstances,innovation systems show that the entire company should be nvolved in theprocess and utilizing your assets to fully maximize your potential in makinginnovative products and management styles (Herrmann Gunter, 2004). Steps to Innovative Process There certain steps needed during the innovative process when creating and implementing an innovation to any business. 1. Determine the Challenge: The start of innovation process isdetermining the challenge, problem, or goal that needs to be solved. 2. Teamwork: This step utilizes your intellectual assets wherein all partiesparticipate in a brainstorming event to discuss and debate how to fix theinnovation challenge. Combination: All of these ideas discussed in the brainstorming eventare summarized. 4. Assessment: The summary of all the ideas are evaluated and the bestsolution will be chosen by the business leaders with the relevant businessexperience. 5. Research and Development: The chosen solutions undergoes researchand development to determine whether the processes are attainable and willyield a result favorable to the company like increase in profits, businessexpansion and market share. 6. Implementation: Executing the ideas into the team and bring them toreality. . Review: Consider the data generated from the feedback, leadership,and business results regarding how the process was working. 8. Recycle: New challenges are imposed by the review. Consider thesechallenges and start again with the process (now Europe, 2009). For the business to maintain on top, the company shall be in acontinuous process of innovating to maintain creative, business and leadership innovation. This is so recommended considering how the global economic marketplace dances to the tune of tightcompetition. The innovation must be part of the business’s system toprevent unstable progress and share losses. To counter the ever-changingmarketplace and customer demand, innovation must remainconstant (Barsh, Capozzi, Davidson, 2008). Conclusion The concept of innovation hasbeen in the business system for centuries. However, today, it has become aprerequisite to business growth and prosperity. While in the past, a companydared to innovate just to make an edge to the industry, nowadays, it becamean essential factor in business design for the company to survive and profit. The company shall implement, maintain innovation, and make anenvironment that encourages innovation. The company’s workforce is avaluable asset to allowing their process to happen and the use of theseassets is beneficial to the process in various ways. This approach is sosignificant that even those business that have been in the around fordecades and reshaping theirfundamental principles and business values to create an innovativeenvironment. If a company desires to survive today’s market competition, it has to produce an innovation culture and use its assets to be competitive and maintain profitability. How to cite Innovation Planning and Design, Papers

Communicable Diseases for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCommunicable Diseases for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Answer: Introduction Multidrug resistant mycobacteria infections have been the biggest challenge in microbiology and health sector. Generally, tuberculosis is a highly infectious disease caused by several species of mycobacteria, specifically the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This condition causes many deaths because it majorly infects the respiratory system as well as many other tissues like skin, kidneys and bones in advanced stages (Lange et al., 2014). Tuberculosis is linked to many loss of lives annually via tuberculosis or tuberculosis-linked body conditions. The spread of multi drug resistant tuberculosis occurs by being spread from infected carriers (either in active or latent mode) to uninfected persons through the air. There have been high number of mortalities as a result of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection because there are some people who have no symptoms for this condition hence do not initiate treatment early enough. At this stage, there is a need for the early medication to be initiated following the positive testing by these subjects. According to Yuen et al., 2015, bearing in mind the complexity of mycobacterium species, when giving medication (specifically the antibiotics) to the patients. A big challenge however which faces the treatment process of tuberculosis is the emergence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis strains. These strains of mycobacterium undergo several rounds of mutations from time to time and hence they cannot respond to first line drugs. This challenge is faced and felt by all stakeholders including the health practitioners, communities and the government and hence the need for being addressed with due urgency (Meumann et al., 2015). Therefore, this essay explores the problems of facing the treatment of bacterial infections with focus on multidrug resistance in tuberculosis in Australia. Epidemiology The mycobacterium pathogen is passed from a person who is infected to uninfected person through sneezing and coughing, behaviors which spread pathogen droplets into the air. The pathogen is ingested by a healthy person leading to the initial infection with tuberculosis, where the pathogen spreads to several parts of the body under host immune system regulation (Trauer Cheng, 2016). The infection with tuberculosis pathogen occurs in two steps. The first one is the latent step when the body is in a state of carrying the pathogen. The second one is the active step, where the body is unable to suppress the pathogen anymore because it is too weak. The transmission of tuberculosis pathogens occurs shortly following the patient exposuer to the active form of tuberculosis. The mycobacteria cannot be transmitted through some behaviors like sharing clothes, and bedding. This is because such pathogens die when they land on dry surfaces, as opposed to moist surfaces that they prefer in the brea thing system. When the mycobacterium infectious particles are inhaled into an uninfected individual, the particle moves to the respiratory tract and lands in the alveoli. The alveoli are critical in the exchange of oxygen between the lungs, the blood and other tissues. As Subramani et al., 2017 states, although the immune system fights diseases, mycobacterium tuberculosis have cell walls that offer them protection hence they evade the immune response and are not destroyed. During normal host invasion by pathogens, macrophages are the immune cells which surround, engulf and destroy the pathogen using innate immunological mechanisms. In case a patient previously infected by another pathogen, like HIV gets exposed to mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen overwhelms the immune cells and makes the body weaker than it was initially. Active tuberculosis infection causes a widespread distribution of the pathogen from the initial site of infection, that is the alveoli, and spreads out into the blood cir culation and lymphatic system. As Jenkins et al., 2014 reports, in the process, other several tissues in the body like the skin, kidneys, bones, and reproductive system become infected increasing the pathogen load in the host. The most commonly observed signs and symptoms in patients at active step of tuberculosis infection may include weight loss, reduced appetite and fever among other signs. However, it is surprising that there are some patients who are asymptomatic. As the patient sneeze and cough, they spread the infectious materials of Mycobacterium tuberculosis into the tissues, and hence more destruction of the lungs. Screening of mycobacterium tuberculosis According to Xu et al., 2017, Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is in latent step can be tested using several methods to help in early diagnosis and hence initiate early treatment. Mantoux test is able to detect tuberculosis infections as early as at two months following pathogenic infection. Mantoux or skin test involves the injection of a chemical into the skin of the forearm. If the patient develops a red wilt at the point of injection on the skin layers, then the patient is infected by mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogens. However, using the Mantoux test, its not possible to determine the stage of infection, that is, whether it is in latent or active step (Fox et al., 2017). Some other screening methods that can be used are x rays, and acid fact staining, which are commonly used in hospitals. The multi-drug resistance tuberculosis Having a clear understanding of the infection, diagnosis, treatment and control of tuberculosis bacteria is very important. The mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria contain unique features from other bacteria types which makes its pathogenesis to be of special concern as argued by Kendall et al., 2017. For instance, these bacteria have high levels of lipids in their cell wall making them to resist cell wall degradation by antibiotics. The most commonly and effective test for this pathogen is the use of the acid-fast staining method for the presence absence test. It has been noted that the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria have a long latency period because it takes approximately 26 hours for its cell to divide, while other types of bacteria take 6 hours (short latent period) for the bacterial cells to multiply. The main reason as to why mycobacterium tuberculosis infects the respiratory system is because it is an aerobic pathogen. As a result, the lungs have a rich supply of oxygen for exchange with the respiring tissues. A number of the commonly observed multidrug resistance tuberculosis which are a global threat are as a result of errors committed by physicians while others are cause by the negligence by the patients who might fail to comply with medications. According to Tanimura et al., 2015, while nearly most countries face problems with multidrug resistance, the most affected are the developing countries due to low economic status that hinders them from effectively handling the conditions. More specifically, Shekar et al., 2014 argues that the problems of multidrug resistant tuberculosis strains are as a result of bacteria strains which have developed resistance to first line antimicrobials, rifampicin and isoniazid, common drugs used as the first line drugs in tuberculosis treatment. Molecular biology techniques have been widely used in exploring research to counter this problem and more so the manner in which multi drug resistance tuberculosis arises. Taking an example of isoniazid, drug resistance occurs when there are mutations in either the inhA or katG genes of its genetic material. For the rifampicin, drug resistance occurs when mutations develop on the beta subunit of the rpo gene on its DNA molecule (Getahun et al., 2015). In order for bacteria to be resistant to several types or classes of bacteria, there are several types of mutations which occurs in direct and indirect ways. This enables the bacteria species to switch from those that are susceptible to drugs to those that are not. During multi drug resistance tuberculosis bacteria tests, a positive standard of mycobacterium tuberculosis so that it can be used for comparison purposes. There are some other factors which would lead to development of multi drug resistant bacterial strains in tuberculosis and these include; previous medications, malabsorption and lack of proper information (Lange et al., 2014). Other minor but common cause of drug resistance could be a resul t of having problems poor sensitive laboratory diagnostic methods. In this case, the patients might be unaware that they possess multi drug resistant tuberculosis strains and hence may fail to get treatment as early as they are supposed to. Apart from the usual diagnostic and failure to comply with medication, there are other factors which predispose a patient to developing multi drug resistant tuberculosis as compared to another patient. A good example is a situation where a person has HIV/AIDS which in most cases makes the immune system to be weak. In the process of making frequent visits to the hospitals, there is a higher likelihood of one developing multi drug resistance tuberculosis because their immune system is already weak. It is worth noting that the patients who have developed resistance to tuberculosis antimicrobials have only an option of using the second line agents (Kendall et al., 2017). The second line antibiotics are very expensive and are more toxic hence high mortality rates are observed especially on the patients who are susceptible to tuberculosis drug resistances. Patient outcomes on multidrug resistance tuberculosis Once the first line agents have failed, using the second line drugs to treat tuberculosis is economically unfavorable to patients. Apart from costs, these drugs are more toxic hence raising the mortality rates among these patients, as stated by Du Toit et al., 2015. In case there is a possibility of co-infection with other diseases like cancer, HIV/AIDS or hepatitis further weakens their immune system leading to possibilities of deaths. It has been observed that patient with tuberculosis and HIV co-infection undergo poor drug malabsorption and thus high loads of the pathogen. The patients undergo other costs which may hamper treatment are high transport costs, accommodation, poor nutrition, and lack of productivity at workplaces, hence the need to alleviate them from these costs (van den Hof et al., 2016). In the event that the person is suffering from multi drug resistant tuberculosis, their low productivity means that their families are negatively affected and children may drop out of school. According to Rodrigues et al., 2017, patients who attempt to stop treatment when they feel better, need to know that the medical charges of seeking tuberculosis treatment using second line drugs are more expensive, while the toxic effects are so high as opposed to initial treatment. World Health Organization response to multidrug resistance tuberculosis The World Health Organization has recommended that Bacilli Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine be used in regions where tuberculosis disease is most prevalent. The BCG vaccine is made up of a weakened mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium. Upon introduction into the body, the weak pathogen induces production of antibodies. Later on, when the actual pathogen infects the host, these antibodies will remember and mount an immunological response against the pathogen. As Roy et al., 2014 argues, although BCG vaccine has a high efficacy, it could also be affected by the geographical location of the patient as well as the age of the patient during vaccination. Other treatment methods advocated for by the World health organization are TB chemotherapy which include isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin and ethambutol (first line drugs). In case the pathogen has become resistant against these first-line drugs, then the next option is to initiate the second-line drugs on the parent. However, the second-line drugs have more serious side effects because of their low potency means that they need to be taken at higher doses.it is advisable that when tuberculosis treatment is being initiated, there is close monitoring and supervision by qualified health professionals in order to ensure drugs compliance (Manson et al., 2017). It is common that some patients may stop taking medications before the pathogen is cleared from the body. For a complete cure, it is recommended that treatment be carried out for a period of between six to nine months. There exists another method of treating mycobacterium tuberculosis infections, which is less familiar known as the DOTS-Plus technique. This technique uses a direct method of observing patients but on a short period of time. This method is commonly used in poor, rural areas where hospital facilities are not available. Development of multidrug resistance to mycobacterium tuberculosis Multi drug resistance occurs through genetic alterations more specifically via chromosomal mutations in the genes that encode the commonly used drug targets. The accumulation of such chromosomal mutations in genes causes the insurgence of multidrug resistance (Francis et al., 2014). When this happens, the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria become insensitive to one or more and in this cases it is rifampicin and isoniazid. The patients who multi drug resistance bacteria strains can only rely on second-line drugs like fluoroquinolones or use injectable like kanamycin and amikacin. Studies by Rajendran Sethumadhavan, 2014 suggest that in order to counter multidrug mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance, it is vital to have a clear understanding of the basic mechanism of action of first line drugs. Here, isoniazid has been used as an example of common drugs that bacteria have developed resistance against. Isoniazid demonstrates two mechanism of action but based on the rate of bacterial cell multiplication rate. First is that isoniazid being bactericidal agents which kills bacteria in vivo within a short time, especially the fast-replicating cells. On the other hand, isoniazid acts in a bacteriostatic manner to eliminate the slow replicating bacteria strains. Since isoniazid is a prodrug, it needs to be activated in order to be catalytically active. This activation is catalyzed by the enzyme catalase peroxide homeoprotein G which then causes the blockage of mycolic acid synthesis leading to destruction of the bacterial cell walls. Activation of isoniazid is a unique process which only occurs in mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogens leading to the formation of mycolic acid. The development of drug resistance against isoniazid by mycobacterium tuberculosis is caused by mutations in the InhA gene. Multi drug resistance in Australia Tuberculosis is regarded as the most common communicable disease in the world. It is interesting to note that Austria has the lowest prevalence of tuberculosis as a result of its good public health systems. However, there are a few detected cases in the same country making the mortality rates from Australia to be at a rate of 0.6 deaths for every 100,000 people (Australian government department of health, 2016). The effects and prevalence of tuberculosis infections occur frequently among the Aboriginals in Australia as compared to other ethnic groups due to their low level socioeconomic status. This is because they have low self-esteem hence they cant afford basic hospital service. Moreover, since they live in isolation, they do not associate with others nor seek treatment due to rich cultural beliefs. Despite the fact that Australia has for a long time recorded a low rate of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis infections, it is a predictable pattern to find that the indigenous Australi ans and Australians born from overseas have a higher disease burned as compared to the non-indigenous Australians. During the earliest discovery of tuberculosis in Australia, it was the leading cause of mortality and morbidity; indicating that the government has made a lot of efforts to bring the disease to control. However, Roberts-Witteveen et al., 2015 notes that as scientist struggle in microbial research and drug discovery, chemotherapy has been a scientific product which has made it possible to counter the rates of spread of tuberculosis pathogens. According to the reports from the Tuberculosis Control Program in Australia, there are major plans in place which aim at reducing the rates of tuberculosis infection as well as lower the transmission rates by use of improved tuberculosis diagnostic and treatment methods. According to James and Allen, 2016, majority of the tuberculosis infections recorded among the minority groups, a large proportion falls on the Australians who are born overseas, and the lesser proportion falls on the indigenous Australians. Examples of migrant groups in Australia who have common multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections include those from Nepal, India and China. It is worth noting that according to the reports by The Australian Society for infectious Diseases, there is a possibility of previously controlled diseases re-emerging as a result of drug resistance against initially effective drugs (Pacific beat, 2016). Moreover, the Society for Infectious Diseases, warns that the developme nt of multi drug resistant tuberculosis strains is the most common just as the cases being observed in the Queensland region. World Health Organization recognizes that after a long period since the declaration of tuberculosis as a global health concern, there has been significant progress made to deal with its treatment. On the other hand, there has been too little progress in terms of controlling the multidrug resistant tuberculosis. The World Health Organization estimates that the overall cost of treating multidrug resistant tuberculosis is more than one hundred times more than that of those people susceptible to tuberculosis. This clearly means that there is an urgent need for the department of public health and planning to come up with more effective educative, diagnostic and treatment methods to deal with this menace before it spreads to the rest of the Australians (El-Abaseri et al., 2015). The most common toxic effects during the use of second-line agents in tuberculosis are ototoxicity and hepatitis. The side effects require that there should be more details in terms of clinical tests, monitoring an d coming up with better therapeutic agents. Conclusion In summary, the issue of multi drug resistance tuberculosis presents serious problems to the success of mycobacterium tuberculosis treatment efforts. Bearing in mind that the second line mycobacterium tuberculosis drugs are expensive and having high toxicity, there are still challenges in achieving proper treatment. Co-infection with other diseases has been found to increase susceptibility to multidrug tuberculosis infections due to weakened immune system. The ministry of health in Australia needs to formulate and implement preventive and early tuberculosis treatment programs. As these programs run, they should be closely monitored to find out whether they are actually achieving the intended purpose or not. Moreover, in Australia, it is important to lay more emphasis to the health of the Indigenous populations who in most cases are the victims of health disparities. The Australian government should also engage in campaigns, even door to door and if possible integrate screening and tr eatment at either affordable or no costs at all. Such efforts will make it possible to lower the transmission rates to the healthy population. By adopting these strategies, the Australian government will be able to cater for the health needs of its people who can be productive again and take care of their families without overdependence on the government provisions. References Australian government department of health (2016). Retrieved from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/cda-cdi4003d.htm Du Toit, E., Squire, S. B., Dunbar, R., Machekano, R., Madan, J., Beyers, N., Naidoo, P. (2015). Comparing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patient costs under molecular diagnostic algorithms in South Africa. The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease, 19(8), 960-968. El-Abaseri, T. B., El-Metwally, T. H., Iversen, P. L., Adrian, T. E. (2015). Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 and Multidrug Resistance Proteins Potentiates the Efficacy of All-Trans Retinoic Acid in Pancreatic Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo. J Clin Exp Oncol 4, 1, 2. Fox, G. J., Schaaf, H. S., Mandalakas, A., Chiappini, E., Zumla, A., Marais, B. J. (2017). Preventing the spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and protecting contacts of infectious cases. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 23(3), 147-153. Francis, J. R., Blyth, C. C., Colby, S., Fagan, J. M., Waring, J. (2014). Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Western Australia, 19982012. The Medical Journal of Australia, 200(6), 328-332. Getahun, H., Matteelli, A., Chaisson, R. E., Raviglione, M. (2015). Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(22), 2127-2135. James, M., and Allen, C., (2016). Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Australia and our region. EDITORIALS. Retrieved from https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2016/204/7/multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-australia-and-our-region Jenkins, H. E., Crudu, V., Soltan, V., Ciobanu, A., Domente, L., Cohen, T. (2014). High risk and rapid appearance of multidrug resistance during tuberculosis treatment in Moldova. European Respiratory Journal, 43(4), 1132-1141. Kendall, E. A., Cohen, T., Mitnick, C. D., Dowdy, D. W. (2017). Second line drug susceptibility testing to inform the treatment of rifampin-resistant tuberculosis: a quantitative perspective. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 56, 185-189. Lange, C., Abubakar, I., Alffenaar, J. W. C., Bothamley, G., Caminero, J. A., Carvalho, A. C. C., Davies, P. (2014). Management of patients with multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Europe: a TBNET consensus statement. European Respiratory Journal, 44(1), 23-63. Manson, A. L., Cohen, K. A., Abeel, T., Desjardins, C. A., Armstrong, D. T., Barry III, C. E., ... Gomez, J. (2017). Genomic analysis of globally diverse Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains provides insights into emergence and spread of multidrug resistance. Nature genetics, 49(3), 395. Meumann, E. M., Globan, M., Fyfe, J. A., Leslie, D., Porter, J. L., Seemann, T., ... Stinear, T. P. (2015). Genome sequence comparisons of serial multi-drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates over 21 years of infection in a single patient. Microbial Genomics, 1(5). Pacific beat (2016). Fresh warnings over drug resistant TB in Australia and the pacific. NEWS. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/programs/pacific-beat/2016-04-18/fresh-warnings-over-drug-resistant-tb-in-australia/7335724 Pedrosa, P., Veigas, B., Machado, D., Couto, I., Viveiros, M., Baptista, P. V. (2014). Gold nanoprobes for multi loci assessment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. Tuberculosis, 94(3), 332-337. Rajendran, V., Sethumadhavan, R. (2014). Drug resistance mechanism of PncA in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 32(2), 209-221. Roberts-Witteveen, A., Reinten, T., Christensen, A., Sintchenko, V., Seale, P., Lowbridge, C. (2015). Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in New South Wales, Australia, 19992010: a case series report. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 19(7), 850-856. Rodrigues, G. S., Francis, A. R., Sisson, S. A., Tanaka, M. M. (2017). Inferences on the acquisition of multidrug resistance inemph {Mycobacterium tuberculosis} using molecular epidemiological data. arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.04355. Roy, A., Eisenhut, M., Harris, R. J., Rodrigues, L. C., Sridhar, S., Habermann, S., ... Abubakar, I. (2014). Effect of BCG vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmj, 349, g4643. Shekar, S., Yeo, Z. X., Wong, J. C., Chan, M. K., Ong, D. C., Tongyoo, P., ... Lee, A. S. (2014). Detecting novel genetic variants associated with isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PloS one, 9(7), e102383. Subramani, R., Narayanasamy, M., Feussner, K. D. (2017). Plant-derived antimicrobials to fight against multi-drug-resistant human pathogens. 3 Biotech, 7(3), 172. Tanimura, T., Jaramillo, E., Weil, D., Raviglione, M., Lnnroth, K. (2014). Financial burden for tuberculosis patients in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review. European Respiratory Journal, 43(6), 1763-1775. Trauer, J. M., Cheng, A. C. (2016). Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Australia and our region. Med J Aus, 204(7), 251-3. van den Hof, S., Collins, D., Hafidz, F., Beyene, D., Tursynbayeva, A., Tiemersma, E. (2016). The socioeconomic impact of multidrug resistant tuberculosis on patients: results from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan. BMC infectious diseases, 16(1), 470. Xu, H., Li, Y. M., Ma, H., Gu, W. T., Chen, Z. Q. (2017). Mycobacterium tuberculosis found at both skin lesions and Mantoux testing site in a patient with erythema induratum of Bazin. The Journal of Dermatology. Yuen, C. M., Kurbatova, E. V., Tupasi, T., Caoili, J. C., Van Der Walt, M., Kvasnovsky, C., ... Ershova, J. (2015). Association between regimen composition and treatment response in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a prospective cohort study. PLoS medicine, 12(12), e1001932.

The Rise Of Hitler Essays - Adolf Hitler, Interwar Period

The Rise Of Hitler The Rise of Hitler I. Introduction Exactly how did Hitler come into power? What drove him to become the way he was? Why did he kill all those people? In this report, I'll examine these questions and many others. II. The early years Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 at Branau am Inn in Austria-Hungary. He went by his mother's last name Schicklegruber until 1876 when he took the name Hitler. He spent much of his childhood in upper Austria linz. He had a terrible record in school. He stayed in school until 1905 when he was 16 years old. He aspired to become an artist and applied for entrance into the Vienna academy but was rejected for lack of talent. Hitler's mother passed away five years after the death of his father. The death of his mother was an important event because it helps to explain his anti-Semitic views. His Mother Klara was diagnosed with breast cancer and treated with a kind of iodine. Their family doctor was Jewish and his name was Edward Bloch. Klara died on December 21, 1907. On Christmas eve Hitler went and thanked Bloch for doing all he could and then Bloch gave him the bill. His mother's doctor bill amounted to ten percent of his mother's estate. That was when Hitler became furious with Jewish peoples and began hating Jews. For the next few years, Hitler made his living writing postcards for advertisements. III. Before and after World War I German generals requested armistice negotiations with the allies in November of 1918. Under the terms of the armistice, the German army was allowed to remain intact. They were not forced to admit defeat by surrendering. The French and British were convinced Germany would not be a threat again. The failure to force German general staff to admit defeat would have a huge impact on the future of Germany. The German general staff would support the false idea that the army had not been defeated on the battlefield and could've fought on to victory. Many people believed in the stab in the back theory. German politicians who signed the armistice on November 11, 1918 became known as the November criminals. Many of which were Jewish. After the armistice, remnants of the German army straggled home from the front to face big uncertainty. Germany was now a republic-form government, which Germans historically had little experience or interest in. Germans blamed Jews for the loss of World War I. It was easy for people to make Jews scapegoats. In the summer of 1919 Adolph Hitler was still in the army. He was stationed in Munich and had become an informer. Corporal Hitler named soldiers in his barrack who supported Marxist uprisings in Munich, which resulted in arrests and executions. Hitler became one of many undercover agents in the German army weeding out Marxist influence in the ranks. Adolph was a lonely man, who unable to establish even ordinary human relations. The army sent him to a political indoctrination course at the university of Munich, where he came to the attention of his superiors. Hitler's anti Semitic outbursts impressed his superiors. In August of 1919, Hitler was given the of job lecturing returning German POWs on the dangers of communism, pacifism, democracy and disobedience. He also delivered tirades against the Jews that were well received among the weary soldiers that were looking for someone to blame for all their misfortunes. Hitler discovered much to his delight that he could speak well in front of a strange audience, hold their attention and sway them to his point of view. Hitler referred to himself as a born orator. For his next assignment, he was ordered in September of 1919 to investigate a small group in Munich called the German Workers Party. IV. The new republic and the treaty of Versailles After they were defeated in World War I, Germany established the Weimar republic under the treaty of Versailles. The new German republic would eventually have a constitution on paper that made it one of the most liberal democracies in history. The constitution's ideals included equality, political power for the people, political minority representation, a new Reichstag cabinet, a chancellor and a president.

Free Essays on The Evolution Of An Antagonist

When reading a story, the average person’s attention usually goes mostly toward the main character. While this is still the case in Joyce Carol Oates’, â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† One still can’t ignore the antagonist, Arnold Friend who is a fairly complex character that slowly unravels, revealing his true self to the main character, Connie. His character takes a dramatic turn and leaves the reader in disbelief, because of the actions that take place. The story leaves the reader hanging in the end, which undoubtedly is the reason why the antagonist has such a strong pull on their emotions. In the following text I will explain several things. First, being how the antagonist evolves, second, how the reader sees this change and lastly will be how the main character sees the protagonist and what effects he has on her. In the first part of the story, the only mention of our friend, Arnold Friend, is basically a case of foreshadowing. â€Å"It was a boy with shaggy black hair, in a convertible jalopy painted gold† (388) J.C. Oates gives the reader a little sample of the character but not really enough to make him stand out right away. Later on, his actions gradually get worse which really leaves a bad taste in the reader’s mouth that does not want to go away. If the character’s transformation had not been as gradual, it would not have had the same heart pounding effect it did originally. Because this change is so gradual the reader does not quite see what is brewing until she is in a great deal of trouble. Arnold’s character seems to change both physically and mentally throughout the story. At first, the average reader would most likely think he would be Connie’s age or maybe an older high school or college student. But as the story progresses, he seems to become older and both the reader and Connie become less sure of his intentions. Although Connie is unsure, the reader can still tell Mr. Fri... Free Essays on The Evolution Of An Antagonist Free Essays on The Evolution Of An Antagonist When reading a story, the average person’s attention usually goes mostly toward the main character. While this is still the case in Joyce Carol Oates’, â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† One still can’t ignore the antagonist, Arnold Friend who is a fairly complex character that slowly unravels, revealing his true self to the main character, Connie. His character takes a dramatic turn and leaves the reader in disbelief, because of the actions that take place. The story leaves the reader hanging in the end, which undoubtedly is the reason why the antagonist has such a strong pull on their emotions. In the following text I will explain several things. First, being how the antagonist evolves, second, how the reader sees this change and lastly will be how the main character sees the protagonist and what effects he has on her. In the first part of the story, the only mention of our friend, Arnold Friend, is basically a case of foreshadowing. â€Å"It was a boy with shaggy black hair, in a convertible jalopy painted gold† (388) J.C. Oates gives the reader a little sample of the character but not really enough to make him stand out right away. Later on, his actions gradually get worse which really leaves a bad taste in the reader’s mouth that does not want to go away. If the character’s transformation had not been as gradual, it would not have had the same heart pounding effect it did originally. Because this change is so gradual the reader does not quite see what is brewing until she is in a great deal of trouble. Arnold’s character seems to change both physically and mentally throughout the story. At first, the average reader would most likely think he would be Connie’s age or maybe an older high school or college student. But as the story progresses, he seems to become older and both the reader and Connie become less sure of his intentions. Although Connie is unsure, the reader can still tell Mr. Fri...

Video Sharing on Social Media Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 11500 words

Video Sharing on Social Media - Dissertation Example Users have the option to restrict viewership but when the video owners seek mass audience they would not bother to protect their videos and music under copyright laws. Thus, with the aim to establish that public videos are posted aimed at cooperation and sharing, three objectives were set at the beginning of the study. Qualitative primary and secondary data was gathered after extensive literature review on the subject. Through qualitative analysis, all the study objectives have been achieved. The study highlights that the most popular video-sharing site is YouTube and its promotion can be enhanced by sending out tweets on the video. However, Facebook also appears to be a popular social networking site for sharing pictures and files. Users share files with different motivations which could be either the desire to individuate or the desire for self-enhancement. Users also derive satisfaction is letting others know who they are. However, sharing of videos require some amount of expertis e in the use of social media. This gives rise to issues of copyright and privacy. The study finds that users are aware of privacy issues but when the intention is to share, the issue of privacy does not arise. At the same time, with the intention is to share and attract a mass audience it is pointless getting the files copyrighted. Social networking sites offer the facility to maintain privacy if required. When information is shared, others merely ‘see’ the information but derive no shared experience, vision or meaning out of it. Therefore, even if they share videos, they can maintain privacy, they remain individuated. The study concludes that sharing of videos on social media does not compromise on issues of privacy, and it is up to the users to maintain their privacy and remain individuated.

Portrayal of Women's Health Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Portrayal of Women's Health - Research Paper Example The portrayal of women health issues by the media plays a role in shaping opinion and influencing medical practice around such issues. Women health issues include pregnancy, abortion, female sexual organs and even hormonal issues. Scientific publications that report on women health issues, advertisements that deal around women health issues, films, television programs among other media forms have portrayed women health issues in different ways depending on what they seek to achieve. The media coverage of women health issues has been subjective and biased, objectifying women and reporting their issues in relation to their reproductive role in the society. Â  This essay seeks to discuss the media portrayal of women health issues focusing on the historical and modern views. With the understanding of the huge role that the media plays in shaping opinions in the society and subsequently influencing the medical practice, the essay seeks to discuss the issues around how women health issues are portrayed by the media. This includes issues around women’s pregnancy, female sexual organs, abortion and related issues. The issues about the women’s health are prevalent in the media ranging from television, print media, commercials, films among other media forms. Therefore, how the health issues of women are presented is important as they influence decision making about women’s health. In interrogating the fundamental issues around the portrayal of women health issues by the media, the essay seeks to put into perspective the biases, subjectivity, and sexualization of women health issues by the media that immensely affect decis ion making on the health of a woman (Lee, 1992). The findings shall be provided as well as a brief summary conclusion. Â  

Gender and Pornography

Gender and Pornography Introduction Throughout history women have been portrayed as subordinates of men or the weaker gender. This essay explores the portrayal of femininity as the weaker gender through the discourse on pornography and femininity portrayed in popular culture. Its purpose is to broaden the understanding of femininity- gender discourse from the perspectives of pornography and femininity portrayed in popular culture. In order words, how does the perception of pornography and the portrayal of femininity in popular culture emphasise the weaker gender perception of femininity? Therefore, the purpose of this essay is clear but the lingering question is how it can be achieved. In this regard, the essay advances four propositions. The first section provides a conceptual understanding of gender and femininity for analytical discourse. The second section critically explores the femininity- gender discourse within a legal structure and questions like is femininity the weaker gender? How and why femininity is portr ayed in this regard come up for discussion. This will also be discussed in relation to how femininity gendered roles disadvantages women. The section that follows critically analyses the law on pornography and femininity nexus. The third section critically explores how femininity is depicted in the media. The last is the summary and the conclusion. What is Gender? Gender can be defined in many ways. Sociologists contend that gender is a consequence of nature resulting from the effect of hormones, brains or genes of two different sexes.[1] However, this essay will explain Butlers perspective and views on gender. According to Butler, gender is defined as a social construct formed through constant cultural reinforcement and rigorous regulatory practices.[2] Hence, gender is associated with how an individual takes part in certain manners of conduct. In order words, through everyday practices or actions, laws, dress codes, taboos, pornography and advertisement the conception of essential masculinity and femininity is developed. Butler asserts that gender operates from the cultural associations and values that the sexed body takes on.[3] This creates the concept of essentialism. Essentialism is defined as the characteristics of persons or groups which are largely similar in all human cultures and historical periods, since they are significantly infl uenced by biological factors.[4] Through the course of essentialism, gender roles are created in the society and are related to an individuals sex. Gender essentialism often creates stereotypes in relation to the behavioural pattern that should be exhibited by men and women. The problem with this is that the perceptions of gender is not fixed and changes from culture to culture, society to society as well as generation to generation and within these confines changes and evolves. Therefore, the rationale behind social constructs of masculinity and femininity being associated with a particular biological sex is void. Butler asserts that taken into its logical limits, the sex-gender distinction suggests a radical discontinuity between sexed bodies and culturally constructed genders.[5]  For Butler, there is no need for a doer behind the deed but the doer be constructed through the deed.[6] In terms of understanding identity, the distinction between gender and sex must be established. Hence, the concept of gender and sex has been used interrelatedly. While sex involves the biological aspects thus distinct and unchangeable, gender is a social construct formulated by the culture in which an individual lives in.[7] Therefore the labels man and woman are biologically and socially different.[8] The importance posited on this distinction is that the biological fact of sex is merely a fact of interest as a result of the cultural importance attached to it.[9] This categorisation usually begins from childbirth and parents are required by the law to specify whether the sex is male or female. The traditional ideology concerning gender and sexuality involves the notion of heteronormativity which relates to the idea of heterosexuality as the natural and normal behaviour in the society.[10] However, sexuality is natural and normative if it if it fits into the context of heterosexuali ty. Femininity Shea describes femininity as the classified set of attributes, behaviours, mannerism, interests, expectations, roles and appearances that are associated with being female.[11] Under Butlers view of repeated acts appropriate gender-specific roles are formed. Simone Beauvoir contends that one is not born, but rather becomes a woman.[12] She further asserts that the concept of femininity is actualised by consistently creating gender through interacting with individuals in a specific social context.[13] Women can be different things; they can be wives, mothers, lesbians, heterosexuals and criminals.[14] However, Butler does not allude that the individual can choose which gender he or she wants to enact but the script is invariably already determined within a regulatory framework and the individual is given a limited number of costumes in which he or she is obliged to make a particular choice of gender style.[15] Butler describes this act as girling the girl[16] it is important to note th at though essential femininity relates to women, men can also exhibit essential feminine traits likewise women exhibiting essential masculine traits.[17] This alteration of societys binary gender roles is described as gender nonconformity. Therefore, if a woman does not fit into this premeditated identity formulated by law and society her essence could be invisible. [18] Gender Performance According to Butler, gender is performative. She defines performativity by stating; gender is in no way a stable identity of locus of agency from which various acts proceed; rather, it is an identity tenuously constituted in time [. . .] an identity instituted through the stylization of the body and, hence, must be understood as the mundane way in which bodily gestures, movements, and enactments of various kinds constitute the illusion of an abiding gendered self.[19] She argues that gender and gender roles are social acts that an individual performs in daily life, the hegemonic versions of which underlay prevalent concepts of male as masculine and female as feminine.[20] Zimmerman further contends that a persons gender is categorised based on how they perform it.[21] Therefore, the way society reacts to gender performances forms gender identification. Men and women in the society are required to comply with specific gender roles according to the sex in which they are categorized. Oa kley states that gender roles have an important impact on human lives as numerous reports suggests that gender are culturally rather than biologically produced[22] Conclusively, individuals are taught on how they are expected to behave within the society. Traditional stereotypes associated with men described them as protectors, providers, openminded and aggressive whereas women were perceived to be weak, passive and emotional.[23] These stereotypes have shaped the way masculinity is seen as the stronger gender and femininity as the weaker gender. Hence, this essay argues that feminine norms regularly relegates women to subordinate or secondary roles and performing such gendered roles disadvantages women in the society. This aspect of the essay focuses on gendered objectification of women. Objectification described as the act of objectifying an individual is often significantly gendered (mostly towards females) and, vital towards the process of gendering a person and rendering them a s lesser human beings.[24] In western society, the pressure on females to perform an ideal expression of femininity is so extreme that it is impossible for a woman to be adequately skinny, beautiful, submissive, sexy and conventional so as to be seen as a good woman.[25] Women tend to be dehumanised even in situations where they perform their gender roles according to hegemonic norms.[26] Ironically, they are being dehumanised for performing their gendered roles. Objectification acts as one basis against which the gender binary criticises womens gender performance irrespective of appropriate performance of gender norms. They are constantly ridiculed as merely weak tools for emotional and sexual satisfaction of other people.[27] Performing gender tends to objectify women and this objectification goes beyond sexual objectification. Arguably, when a woman performs the role of motherhood, she is required to prioritise the needs of her child over that of herself thereby treating herself as an object through which the physical and emotional desires of the child are sustained. This can be regarded as an extremely gendered experience as society does not require fathers to give the same level of care and treatment a woman gives to a child. This can be considered as demanding because it requires placing a childs needs ahead of the mothers. Although, these occasions themselves are episodic, their repetition and reiteration in addition to the background discourse of the good selfless mother[28] provides a structure to legitimise the treatment of women as objects that nurture children into adulthood.[29] This can be partially attributed to social customs which dictate that good mothers take care of their wards and their failure to perform motherhood brings about punishments ranging from social alienation to government intervention and loss of parental privileges.[30] Conclusively, feminist theories of objectification have classified it as a universal problem that mainly affects women. However, they mostly define it based on the constant repetition and reiteration of episodic experiences rather than why it occurs. Wilson contendsthat By using Butlers theory of gender performativity to analyse the structure of gender it seems that we can redefine objectification as a systemic occurrence that is significantly gendered and also important to the very process of constituting gendered categories.[31] Pornography Several definitions of pornography exist from debates surrounding it. Joel Feinberg gives a broad definition of pornography as sexually explicit writing and pictures designed entirely and plausibly to induce sexual excitement in the reader.[32] Dworkin and MacKinnon state that The bigotry and contempt pornography promotes, with the acts of aggression it fosters, diminish opportunities for equality of rights in employment, education, property, public accommodations and public services.[33] This critique states that pornography is more than just a sexual fantasy but rather recognised discriminatory acts against women with damaging effects.[34] Williams asserts that pornography as a genre proves to be more about gender than sex.[35] Under UK law, there exist no definition of pornography instead it relies on the concept of obscenity.[36] Hence, pornography is regulated under the Obscene Publications Act 1959 and 1964 and Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 which establishes the cri minality of pornography on appropriate pornography and appropriate sexual expression.[37] Section 1 of the OPA 1959 states an article shall be deemed obscene if its effect or the effect of any one of its items is, if taken as a whole, tends to deprave and corrupt persons who are likely, having regard to all relevant circumstances, to read, see or hear the matter contained or embodied in it.[38] Therefore, the threshold test drawn from the case R v Hicklin[39] is whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences, and into whose hands a publication of this sort may fall.[40] In regards to this, section 63 of the CJIA 2008 outlaws the possession of an extreme pornographic image. It states that an image is pornographic if it is of such a nature that it must reasonably be assumed to have been produced solely or principally for the purpose of sexual arousal.[41] Justice Stewart in the case Jacobellis v O hio[42] commented on obscenity, stating that I know it when I see it.[43] Hence, what this depicts is that what may be perceived as obscene to a group may be normal to another. The deductions that can be made from the above Acts, shows that, Article 10 of the Human Rights Act 1998 will permit any action that does not violate the law against obscenity. This is rendered problematic as the messages pornography relays should not be protected under free speech, neither should the effect it ultimately has on gendered roles especially on femininity.[44] Hence, this essay contends that any form of pornography is harmful in the society as they send negative messages about gender roles. Scoular opines that pornography is a political statement of womens inequality rather than a sexual imagery for pleasure.[45] However, Dworkin argues that the way pornography is seen to be sexual depictions and representations about sex indisputably emphasizes how the society views femininity.[46] For the purposes of this essay, four elements of subordination of femininity will be discussed. These are; hierarchy, the dynamic of dominance and submission, violence and objectification. Foucaults concept of texts of pornography and society can be used in explaining the concept of hierarchy.[47] Men tend to define feminine sexuality through images and writings.[48] Fiedler states that pornography is produced mainly by men for men, using womens bodies as objects for male pleasure.[49] Men through pornography tend to portray the female gender role as inferior and how it should be performed. Such characterisation has an adverse effect on feminine roles in the society as traditional social norms usually associates masculinity with certain traits (dominance, power, superiority) while femininity with (submissiveness, weakness, inferiority).[50] According to Dworkin Pornography is the material means of sexualizing inequality and that is why pornography is a central practice in the subordi nation of women.[51] Pornography is initially presented as a sexual imagery for erotic satisfaction, but in-depth assessment depicts that it is rather a political statement portraying feminine inequality. Scoular supports by asserting that, pornography is a powerful depiction of feminine subordination and inequality, societal degradation and emphasising the phallocentric hierarchical power of men over women.[52] Inequality is sexualized; the relationship between masculinity and femininity is that of dominance and submission, which is constantly played out during sexual intercourse, which defines sex as a man being possessive or domineering and a woman submitting to a man.[53] MacKinnon believes that pornography is an ideal representation which displays masculine dominance and feminine submission, and describes it as a political campaign by the strong against the weak (males against females) that legitimizes, sexualizes and permits abuse against women.[54] Masculine dominance and feminine submission also exist in soft-core pornography for example Vogue Magazine or Calvin Klein commercials where women are depicted as being desperate to be taken and used by men.[55] It is noteworthy that the dominant and submissive representation is not limited to only heterosexual pornography but also lesbian pornography. Arguably, some women prefer to play the submissive role, however, this is due to the ment ality instilled by the sexist power structures that they are meant to enjoy these acts[56]. Deckha contends that females who claim to enjoy performing a submissive role do so because they have been brainwashed into believing that it is required of them to do so.[57] The argument as regards to lesbian pornography is that, even with the absence of men, this still represents the patriarchal power structure through the representation of the butch lesbian controlling the femme lesbian.[58] As explained earlier, there is a possibility that without the influence of the sexist power structure, these individuals might have different opinions as to what they actually prefer. Therefore, the constant repetition and reiteration of these constructed identities of masculine dominance and feminine submission tends to be classified as the norm in the society. According to Dworkin, not only does pornography cause violence against women, it is violence.[59] Violence towards women either in physical or psychological form tends to be the norm in modern society. Men believe that they can commit these acts, either as a means of enjoyment or an assertion of masculine dominance. Feminists believe that images of women being bound, tortured, raped, degraded or murdered for sexual stimulation and satisfaction creates a psychological link between sexuality and violence, and teaches men that women are easy targets, masochistic, hypersexual, and a sexual plaything, who derive pleasure from being pushed around, and that violence in itself is a sexual turn-on. Such portrayal teaches women to feel passive and helpless and to assent to victimization.[60] Reports from a research conducted in America on the commonness of verbal or physical aggression in pornographic contents show that of the 304 scenes studied, 88.2% included physical aggression and 48.7% of scenes contained verbal aggression with the perpetrators usually the male and the female being the victims.[61] Because of the way femininity is portrayed, people tend not to be interested in the fact that women are actually hurt even in violent pornography. Cole compares this by stating that just as behind a faà §ade of marital bliss there could be a battered wife, likewise, behind the appearance of consent and pleasure in pornography, there could be rape and violation.[62] Furthermore, numerous debates have emanated concerning if there is any correlation between pornography and sexual violence. In the case of Coutts[63], Jane Longhurst died during asphyxial sex with a man that had a tendency for extreme pornography involving rape, necrophilia and asphyxiation. After this incident, the CJIA 2008 was implemented to ban the possession of extreme pornographic materials.[64] From this, it can be perceived that this act was created because pornographic contents could influence people to commit sexual abuse. Barry emphasises that pornography can significantly influence human behaviour and numerous behavioural scientists support this position as witnessed in their dealing with sex offenders.[65] MacKinnon also opines by stating that the subscribers of violent pornography are also interested in practicing it.[66] Andrei Chikatilo, who was a Russian killer, responsible for the murder of over 53 women and children blamed pornography to be the cause of his suicida l behaviour[67]. The evidence above depicts that, there is a strong link between violence and men who watch pornography. Fredrickson and Roberts define objectification as being treated as a body (or collection of body parts) valued predominantly for its use to (or consumption by) others.[68] MacKinnon asserts that pornography tends to objectify women, exploit their sexuality for mens pleasure, and portrays sex roles in which women are inferior, violated or subject to physical abuse.[69] Dworkin describes sexual objectification as occurring when a human being, through social means, is made less than human, turned into a thing or commodity, bought and sold.[70] Women tend to be inhumanely objectified and displayed as objects for the sexual satisfaction of men. For example, both men and women magazines are based around eroticised images of women viewing them as sexual objects basically used to satisfy or provoke the desires and attention of readers. The editor of a UK magazine Esquire stated in an article that women were objectified in various publications (both male and female) stating that we provide pi ctures of girls in the same way we provide pictures of cool cars. It is ornamental.[71] By using pictures of women primed for sexual pleasure amongst advertisement of fine cars and good scotch portrays women as commodities that can be easily bought. Arguably, a reason why people fail to link acts associated with pornography is because such acts are seen as ordinary in the society. Society tends to define the images portrayed by pornography as normal and ordinary, therefore, if pornography is seen as the ordinary, it cannot be harmful to women. In recent times, concerns have been raised about the objectification of women in society. Clare Short a former Labour M.P introduced a piece of draft legislation advocating for the ban of Page 3 of The Sun newspaper which Caroline Lucas had criticised for normalising the notion that womens primary function is to titillate men.[72]Therefore, this raises awareness of the backward, damaging and hypocritical media treatment of female bodies and th e society becoming more sympathetic of the plight of womens objectification.[73] Gender essentialism also exists in objectification. Collins believes that black femininity is differently represented from white femininity.[74] Black women are mostly presented to be breeders, raped for pleasure and profit of their owners in interracial pornography which is a recreation of the colonial slavery a period when black women were used as sex objects for the pleasure of white men.[75] This also reflects the hierarchical system of race as Walker states, that where white women are depicted in pornography as objects, black women as depicted as animals.[76] The portrayal of black women as animals reiterates their lesser status in the society. Therefore, whilst white women face gender objectification as gendered oppression, black women deal with both racial and gendered oppression. A critique against obscenity laws in the UK, is the inability to protect women from the violence and objectification which pornography portrays but rather focuses on what is regarded as prurient inte rests.[77] Conclusively, the way masculinity is portrayed in pornography influences male attitudes towards the treatment of women as the weaker gender. Jensen highlights that the sexual violence and cruelty that characterizes much pornography, and to the evident pleasure that men take in viewing this material, evidence that there are serious problems with our understandings of what it is to be a man today.[78] Additionally, the similarity between the portrayal of masculinity in reality and in pornography is that to be classified as a real man, one is supposed to be aggressive, dominating and controlling. Green asserts that in gay pornography, where there is a female absence, there is a contention that one of the men performs the role which patriarchal sexuality assigns to women; the role of receptivity, passivity, subordination. This confirms that, we can have women without having any females.[79] The portrayal of masculinity in pornography has an influence on how men view women in society. Hence, it can be concluded that pornography certainly plays an important role in the construction of femininity as weak. Popular Culture James Rosenau defines media as a label that is presently in vogue to account for peoples, activities, norms ideas, goods, services, and currencies that are decreasingly confined to a particular geographic space and its local and established practices.[80] The mass media is one of the most universal and powerful vices influencing how men and women are viewed in the society. Intertwined through our everyday lives, the media integrates messages into human consciousness at every opportunity. Different forms of media convey images of the sexes, which disseminates biased, stereotypical, and limiting perceptions.[81] Hence, this essay argues that all forms of media sends negative subliminal and stereotypical messages about female gender roles in the society and the portrayal of an ideal woman as shown in the media is harmful. In recent years, the representation of femininity in the media has constantly exploited women merely portraying them as trophies to be won or objects to be shown off. It has also established a standard of beauty that women are compared to either by men or by the women themselves. Swami asserts that In patriarchal societies, the roles and privileges accorded to women are inferior to those assigned to men, and as such, sexism plays a central role in the continuing oppression of women.[82] Reiterating the beauty ideals are oppressive (BIO) hypothesis, the existent patriarchal structures and attitudes influences the relationship that exists between sexist attitudes and the endorsement of beauty ideals and practices.[83] Craft asserts that physical features such as attractiveness and thinness are the requirements for women in news media rather than intellectual capabilities expected from their male counterparts. (Craft, 1988; Sanders Rock, 1988). The media creates an imagery of two that of women that exist namely the good women and the bad women. A good woman is supposed to be respectful and mainly focused on taking care of her home. Subordinate to the male gender, they are usually represented in films as victims, supportive wives and helpers. Though, women who defy the traditional roles are represented positively, this is done either by making their alienating career lives like Claire Huxtable on The Cosby Show, whose career engagement in family matters was well portrayed while her career as an attorney was alienated. or feminizing careerwomen so as to align them with the traditional aspect of femininity. The producer of the show Cagney and Lacey Barney Rosenzweig complained, These women arent soft enough. These women arent feminine enough regarding the characters of the actresses thereby illustrating the medias bias towards favouring traditional femininity. Faludi asserts that for female gender to be considered as successfu l, it is necessary to portray the traditional stereotypes of femininity and maintain an identity dependent on the male gender who

How can India get more Olympic Medals Essay

In 2004 Athens Olympics, India celebrated it’s achievement of the one silver medal it won in Shooting. After four years, in 2008 Beijing Olympics, India won a gold medal in 10m Air Rifle event and one bronze medal each, in Wrestling and Boxing. The international media appreciated this as a rare feat from a ‘non-athletic nation’. The tag ‘non-athletic nation’ can be refuted considering the craze for cricket in India. However, that is not the bone of contention here. India is considered as a non-athletic nation because of it’s consistent poor performance before the world audience in this quadrennial event. India has 17% of the world population but won only 0. 31% of the total medals in Beijing Olympics. Thus, there is an urgent need for a strategy that can help India win more Olympic medals. It is important to understand ‘why’ India has not been able to get more Olympic medals before answering ‘how’ to get the same. Well, the sportsmen and women in India often complain about lack of adequate sources, funds, infrastructure, equipment, sponsorship and encouragement for sports and games other than cricket in the country. Corruption, political intervention and unwillingness of sports authorities are also cited as the root causes. Inadequate training programmes and practice sessions which do not meet international standards are said to be another reason for dismal performances in the Olympics. Besides the above, another most important reason is the discouragement and disinterest showed by parents and teachers to their children’s interest in sports and games. The solution lies in addressing or targeting the above problems. In the first place, parents and teachers should make an extra effort to identify a child’s inclination towards sports. Children of all ages should be encouraged to actively participate in sports as it will help in their overall physical and mental development. Schools should include sports as an integral part of their curriculum. Sports competitions should be held at local and regional levels, and students interested in a particular game, should be provided with further training. This can help children cultivate sportsmanship qualities and also gain experience in the game. Secondly, the state and central governments should provide adequate funds and resources for upgraded training programs, necessary infrastructure, equipment and other facilities to sportspersons. For instance, the government and sports authorities in China have not only planned to successfully host 2008 Olympic games in Beijing, but also have designed ‘Project 119’ towards winning gold[s] in the medal rich sports of swimming, track, rowing, kayaking and sailing. Under this project, intensive training at par with international standards was provided to athletes and participants of various games. India needs to design and implement such goal-oriented projects to clinch more medals in Olympic games. Thirdly, all the encouragement, resources and participation would go waste without a proper coach. The nuances and tricks of the game can only be learnt from a good trainer. Even in Mahabharata, the great India epic, a master-archer like Arjuna was trained by his versatile teacher, Dhronacharya. Hence, trainers with good performance record, experience and exposure to national and international sports should be appointed as sports coach to train the athletes. In addition to this, steps should be taken to sever the tentacles of this monstrous octopus called ‘corruption’ which has made it’s way into every part of human life including sports and games. Sanctioning and providing adequate funds is one step but utilizing them efficiently for the purpose meant, is an altogether different step. Accounts should be audited to ensure proper appropriation of funds. Authorities holding positions in sports organizations, associations and selection committees should be held accountable and punished in the event of any misuse of the allocated funds. Moreover, favoritism and bias in selection of team members, appointment of trainers, etc. should be strictly discouraged. It should be ensured that the only criteria for selecting a player or a coach on the team should be his/ her performance record and definitely not their personal background or relation with the members on Selection committee. Care should be taken to not repeat cases like Monica Devi, a wrestler from Manipur, who was dropped from the Indian contingent to 2008 Beijing Olympics in the last minute. The issue is yet to be solved. Such incidents can lead to resentment among players. Finally, sports in India should expand and reach beyond cricket. Cricket has managed to attract huge fanfare, reputed brand names for sponsorship and popular celebrities like industrialists and bollywood actors. Cash-rich Indian Premier League stands as a testimony to this. Similar treatment is due to be accorded to other sports. Private sponsorers including domestic and multinational companies should be invited to offer sponsorship to sportsmen of other games. Wide publicity should be given to other sports by broadcasting them on television. Medal winning performance should be duly rewarded by the central and state governments. However, inspite of all the hurdles and hiccups, Abhinav Bindra, Sushil Kumar and Vijendra Kumar created history at the Beijing Olympics 2008. This clearly shows that without obstacles, India would stand second to none in the Olympic Medal chart.