Leadership Traits of Hilary Clinton Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Administration Traits of Hilary Clinton - Assignment Example Clinton can be followed to save various significant characteristics that drove her to turn into a fruitful pioneer in various circles. A tremendous inclination of strength and versatility towards performing various jobs in different basic circumstances has been obviously seen to be one of the ways, which drove her to turn into a prestigious just as an effective pioneer. On a further note, the steady spotlight on keeping up a solid arrangement of qualities and hard working attitudes with having certain conduct attributes can likewise be appropriately considered as the other method of driving Mrs. Clinton to be a viable pioneer (Shambaugh, 2010). With respect to the key standards and key components, the authority styles of Mrs. Clinton can be identified with that of the capacities performed by an effective supervisor. It tends to be confirmed from a more extensive understanding that specific features or characteristics of Mrs. Clinton eventually drove her to turn into a chief too. In such manner, these features or characteristics can be estimated regarding having more prominent fitness of flexibility and most indispensably be settling on compelling choices towards alleviating any kind of dangers among others (Shambaugh, 2010). Regardless of the commonness of solid qualities and moral directs, the authority styles of Mrs. Clinton were likewise seen to concentrate on a lot of manly qualities, for example, following progressively conclusive and angry administration standards. It merits referencing that during her residency as the US Senator, the initiative standards of Mrs. Clinton had been seen to incorporate a very much characterized set of qualities that fundamentally helped her to perform appointed jobs and capacities effectively. Also, Mrs. Clinton viably managed the difficulties that looked by her while performing changed capacities as a Senator (Shambaugh, 2010). Therefore, it tends to be attested that the above-talked about initiative aptitudes and skills do Mrs. Clinton satisfy as an effective pioneer or a director.

Learning From Failure: Biosphere Ii Essay

Biosphere II was a task done in Arizona got acknowledgment on 26th September 1991. Eight individuals; four men and four ladies were utilized in the investigation. Biosphere 2 was a hermetically sealed structure with its base made of steel dish and encompassed by an over the ground structure that was made of glass and steel. Inside the biosphere was everything that can possibly be found in reality. There was a desert, a swamp, a downpour timberland, a savannah, a rural land, a sea and human Habitat. This was in an exertion of making something near the earth’s biological system. These individuals were to live on air, water and food delivered by plants (Allen and Blake, 2007). The objectives of the examination were to decide the chance of building a counterfeit biosphere and the capability of such biosphere enduring. Likewise incase the biosphere didn’t flourish then the causes would have been built up. Be that as it may, Biosphere II end up being an extraordinary disappointment which had expended a great deal of assets in its foundation. Inconvenience began soon as the team got into biosphere II. To begin with, they encountered a deficiency in oxygen flexibly frustrating them from working great. The oxygen diminished to low levels to such an extent that a greater amount of it must be infused into the framework. At the point when the group had to siphon in more oxygen into the framework so as to support them, this showed biosphere II was not independent. From the outset they didn't make sense of what the issue was nevertheless they later found that was brought about via carbon dioxide which had aggregated in the framework. The carbon dioxide collected at a high rate particularly in the savanna and downpour backwoods locales. This was related with the nearness of high natural issue which the microorganisms utilized and in the process devoured a great deal of oxygen coming about to elevated levels of carbon dioxide. It was likewise expected that the trees would assume an exceptionally critical job in controlling measure of carbon dioxide noticeable all around and would have had the option to gracefully the team with adequate oxygen through the procedure of photosynthesis. In any case, the plants didn't appear to achieve this job rather the degree of oxygen continued diminishing while carbon dioxide continued expanding a wonder that was later found to have been brought about by solid that was utilized to assemble the biosphere II. Rather than carbon dioxide being spent by plants it responded with calcium hydroxide a significant part of solid which came about to development of water and calcium carbonate. This was affirmed by the researchers subsequent to testing the dividers and understanding that the inward surface of the dividers had calcium carbonate levels which were multiple times the degree of the external dividers (Alling, Nelson &Silverstone, 1993). While making their choice, the researchers had picked various types of creatures, bugs and plants that they thought would endure best in the biosphere II. In any case, before the finish of the venture just a couple of animal types had figured out how to endure. The pace of eradication was higher than anticipated and most creepy crawly species got terminated which negatively affected the plants since they were did not fertilize anymore and in this manner couldn't spread themselves. Insights show that of the 25 types of little vertebrates present in Biosphere II just 6 made due before the finish of the mission. Anyway a few animal groups were supported by nature in biosphere II. While others got wiped out; ants, cockroaches and katydids prospered along with some plant species, for example, the morning wonder. The morning wonder developed enthusiastically that it nearly gagged different plants. The team had no other option yet contributed the majority of their time attempting to get food. They encountered a deficiency in food flexibly and confronted hunger more often than not. Before the multi year time span finished the group had grown 85 percent of the food they devoured and got the remaining15 percent food from their crisis supplies. Since they depended on daylight which got through the glass to develop food, the winters of 1991 and 1992 influenced the measure of food they could develop (Marino, Odum &Thomas, 1999). This demonstrated the venture was unequipped for continuing a biological system that was adjusted. They likewise confronted different difficulties some of which remembered lack for clean water. This was because of contamination experienced in the water framework. Numerous supplements amassed in the water frameworks along these lines contaminating it. They needed to clean their water utilizing green growth mats. Other climatic irregular characteristics stuck to this same pattern where by levels of dinitrogen oxide noticeable all around expanded in a disturbing rate with the end goal that the team gambled mind harm since nutrient B12was incorporated at an incredibly moderate rate (Allen and Blake, 2007). The analyses inadequacies were likewise observed when the group fought. The individuals should cooperate as a gathering so as to draw out the best outcomes however this never occurred. Rather they split into bunches including four individuals each and arrived at the purpose of not conversing with one another aside from when it was important to run the biosphere. The exercises that can be gained from this bombed analyze originate from the slip-ups submitted by the researchers. First we become familiar with the significance of setting aside effort to arrange for whatever we mean to do. Before endeavoring anything one should take all estimates required for legitimate working of the undertaking. Additionally another basic factor to consider is the dependability of the materials and gear to be utilized in the venture (Alling, Nelson &Silverstone, 1993). On the off chance that appropriate materials had been utilized in development of the biosphere II, at that point the issue of deficient oxygen couldn't have happened. The significance of utilizing qualified work force additionally emerges. They utilized an engineer who was uncouth this come about to structuring biosphere II with numerous flaws. Anyway what can be discovered from this test all in all is the significance of relating great with one another. For anything to succeed then there ought to be collaboration among individuals concerned this means fantastic working conditions which prompts better result. References Allen J. and Blake A. (2007) Biosphere 2: the human test . New York: Viking distributers. Alling A. , Nelson M. and Silverstone S. (1993) Life under Glass: The Inside Story of Biosphere 2. Prophet: Biosphere Press. Marino B. D. , Odum H. and Thomas M. (1999) Biosphere 2: Research Past and Present Amsterdam: Elsevier distributers.

Theres More to Life Than Tooling

There’s More to Life Than Tooling The most exciting series of words you can ever hope to hear out of an MIT students mouth are these: You know what would be awesome? followed shortly by Waitwe could actually do this. These words are exciting, because MIT students take awesome and we can to a whole new level. And thats why this story starts with that question. Julie H. is a senior in Mechanical Engineering, who arrived at MIT thinking that her musical days were over. Courtesy of the HASS-D requirement, she ended up taking Harmony and Counterpoint in her sophomore year and is now double-majoring in Music. She discovered a love for composition, and, since shes always loved musical theater, began to throw around the idea of writing a musical but, in her words, it was sort of a pipe dream and she never expected it to happen. Famous last words. This IAP, Julie joined the Musical Theater Guild (MTG), and was Assistant Music Director for their performance of Jekyll and Hyde. One day, at an MTG party, magic happened. Rachel B. 11: You know what would be awesome? A musical about hacking at MIT. Julie: Ive been looking to write a musical! If you decide to do that, I will totally write music for you. *Cue lots of joking around* *Pause.* Waitwe could actually do this. And it was thus that Hack, Punt, Tool, the musical, was born. Julie even managed to find an advisor, and have the project count towards her music major as an independent study. Work began on February 6: Daniel L. 12 writing lyrics, Rachel B. 11 and Zach B. 13 writing the script, and Julie writing the music. Every Tuesday evening, they meet from 10pm to 1am, along with other MTG members who are keen to lend ideas. Today, MTG held their selection process, which occurs in two rounds. In the first round, people suggest any number or shows (usually around 30), and these are narrowed down to 4-6 shows for each production period. Anyone who has been in an MTG show in the past year can come, and cast his or her vote. There are four slots fall, IAP, spring, summer and the crew hoped that Hack, Punt, Tool would be chosen for fall or IAP. Guess what? Julie will learn the trip from Connecticut to Boston very well next year, because shes going to be doing a lot of commuting. Thats right: Hack, Punt, Tool was selected to be performed during IAP. Hooray! A little blurb about the storyline, in case youre curious a freshman comes to MIT, keen to get involved in the hacking community. All he wants to be is hardcore (there is, in fact, a song called Hardk0re*), but learns that there is more to hacking than that. *Spelled like that. Now you HAVE to come see the show. Ill let a quick excerpt speak for itself (from the song: Theres More To Life Than Tooling): Theres more to 8.01 Than getting p-sets done Studying alone youll find it rough But in a group youll find That with your minds combined The hardest problem never seems that tough. Yeah. Pretty awesome. But as awesome as the product is, it cant compare to its creator. Youve heard a gajillion times that MIT students are time management ninjas, but this takes ninja to a whole new level. Julie is a senior, which means that springtime is thesis time. I asked her what else shes been up to while writing this musical. I almost wish I hadnt. Well, Im writing my thesis, which is in product design. Im taking 2.72 Elements of Mechanical Design where we design and build our own lathe. Im taking Senior Seminar in Music, where we wrote a 20-page research paper on a field of our interest in music, and 2.674, which is a nanotechnology lab. Oh, and Im in Concert Choir. I think thats it. *Silence* Oh, and Im president of RoboCup. Yeah, no big deal. Its not like building autonomous soccer-playing robots would take up any time at all. It takes a special sort of person to successfully juggle that many commitments, but what has impressed me above class titles and thesis projects and musical endeavors has been Julies smiley face. Shes NICE. AND CHEERFUL. ALL THE TIME. ITS INCREDIBLE. There have been sleepless nights and what I would imagine has been a mind-bending amount of stress, but it never shows, and I admire her for that more than I can do justice to here. As I write, shes sitting at her computer behind me, singing. So, know this: music exists at MIT. At any given time, 30% of the student body is enrolled in a music class*. We have a Pulitzer Prize-winning professor who wrote an opera that premiered at the Metropolitan Opera. Working with the Musical Theater Guild is, according to Julie, the most fun shes ever had at MIT. *Credit to Daniel L. (lyricist and tour guide) for this statistic So, if you get the chance to be around campus during IAP 2012, swing by during the last weekend of January and the first weekend of February, and bear witness to what happens when a few dedicated undergraduates pool their brains and energy together, and turn what would be to what is. See the result of an unbelievable amount of hard work and understand what I mean when I say that, to me, Julie has redefined what it means for there to be more to MIT life than tooling.

The Siamese Revolution And Animal Farm - 1228 Words

The Siamese Revolution and Animal Farm Thailand has gone through many revolutions and rebellions, but one that stands out would definitely have to be the Revolution of 1932. That revolution in particular seemed to have started it all, from the many different constitutions to the different government phases. The Revolution of 1932 -also under name of the Siamese Revolution, Promoters Revolution, and many other names- in specific got rid of the absolute monarchy rule Thailand was previously under, and changed the country’s name of Siam to Thailand. In comparison to the book Animal Farm, these two revolutions have more differing situations than similar situations. Previous to the Revolution of 1932, Thailand was known as Siam and was under an absolute monarchy rule. Their long era of absolute monarchy was ended on June 24 ,1932. Although most absolute monarchies do not have many positives, Siam did have some positive happenings while under absolute monarchy rule. They had been ab le to preserve their independence when it was threatened by the British and French colonial advances in Southeast Asia. That had happened while Siam was under rule of Chulalongkorn. Siam was also able to gain spoils of war from being involved with World War I during the rule of Vajiravudh. Siam’s last absolute monarch was King Prajadhipok. In 1926 one of his policies was to decrease the annual salary of bureaucrats, causing dissatisfaction for those affected. According to the Peace and ConflictShow MoreRelatedCeramics: Pottery and Clay17443 Words   |  70 Pagesreflected both the individual culture and the influence of their neighbors. Typical of these ancient people were the Minoans (2500 to 1100 B.C.) on the island of Crete. They made earthenware vessels decorated in colored slips with representations of animal life in the sea. They fired their work in updraft cylindrical kilns with wood as the fuel. Like their European counterparts at a later time, the Islamic potters tried to duplicate the white Chinese porcelains with a low temperature alternative. In

Market Failure Poverty and Income Inequality - 1968 Words

Market Failure: Poverty and Income Inequality Donna Butler South University Online ECO2071 Principles of Micro-Economics Week 5, Assignment 1 Professor Brandt May 29, 2015 Market Failure: Poverty and Income Inequality Every country in the world needs basic information on the residents that live there. This information is needed for planning, for development and for trying to improve the quality of life for those residents. In order to have good planning, reliable, accurate, detailed information and information that is up-to-date needs to be gathered. This is one of the things that the census does. It gathers information for many different reasons and uses. The information is used to make it possible to plan better services,†¦show more content†¦The official poverty rate in 2010 was 15.1 percent—up from 14.3 percent in 2009. This was the third consecutive annual increase in the poverty rate. Since 2007, the poverty rate has increased by 2.6 percentage points, from 12.5 percent to 15.1 percent. In 2010 the poverty rate jumped up by almost a full present. It was the third consecutive annual increase in the poverty rate and the fourt h consecutive annual increase in the number of people that were living in poverty. In 2014 there were over 46 million people that lived in poverty and this was defined by the low level of income for those households where they made about $22,000 a year in a family of four. For children that were under the age of 18, that lived in poverty jumped from 20.7% to 22.0%. This was a total of 16.4 million kids that live in poverty. The total number of citizens that lived in poverty was equal to the population of the fifty largest cities in the US. The absolute number of people living in poverty is at the highest since the government started calculating these numbers in 1975. One of the reasons for this is because of the enormous inequality where income is concerned. Households with the lowest income of $20,000 or less a year, saw this income decline from 3.4% to 3.3%. The top 20% brought home more than 50% of all money income. Since 1990, real income has fallen 12.1% for people that are in theShow MoreRelatedPresident Obama Speech On Income Inequality And Economic Mobility1270 Words   |  6 PagesOn December 4, 2013, President Barack Obama addressed the nation, focusing on income inequality and economic mobility. 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Innovation Planning and Design Free Essays

The ever-changing marketplace in the business world imposes greatchallenges for the company to maintain stability, productivity andprofitability in the industry. In order to keep track on the competitiveenvironment, every company should develop innovation to acquirecompetitive advantage. However, acquiring just a competitive advantage willonly be for the meantime due to the fast development of technology, totalmodernization of the market and rapid changes of customer preferences. We will write a custom essay sample on Innovation Planning and Design or any similar topic only for you Order Now Innovators shall foresee these factors to combat with its competitors for it tobe successful, making innovation an essential factor for company growth. Innovations do vary in many aspects. It may take the risk of combiningdifferent types of innovation. Determining businesses whether they are mayresult to hiding their significant distinctions. The most importantcategorizations one may consider among the many developed are aclassification according to innovation type, the innovation degree and courseof sustainability (Zakic, Jovanovic, Stamatovic, 2008). Companies may decide which part of the businessdesign needsinnovatingsuch as products or processes or a combination of both. Single approach can be simple, less time consuming process compared to combinedapproach which is more involved, complicated and may be time consuming and requires substantial effort for it to be effective. Whatever process that is chosen, it will always create specialization which is advantageous to have specialized kind of innovation. Moderncompanies carefully apply options advised by experts that are suitable forits position and business model. Innovations shall be thoroughlyinvestigated and studied in order to achieve and meet the company’sobjective. Creating and developing their potentiality, designating theresources, and creating partnerships in accordance with this choice are vitalto success (Zakic, Jovanovic, Stamatovic, 2008). In varying options comes difference between processes and productsinnovation. To be able to establish successful innovative strategies andstrategic planning, understanding the differences and influence of differentfactor and its effect in business leadership structure is important. It is of utmost importance to explore all possible options to acquire different inputs. This process will ensure the verification of certain conclusion to helpleadership identify the appropriate method to innovation (Almirall Casadesus-Masanell, 2010). Innovation Systems Design Recent market concept on the business world has produced anuntamed environment. The company’s advantages do not last too long dueto tight competitions that never cease to advance and overcome the market. With these tight competitions, most businesses have created a sheer pricewar just to maintain and gain customers (Herrmann Gunter, 2004). It is therefore vital in the process for the companies to be aware of theefficient methods to design and use innovative efforts considering thesecurrent market situations. Remember that each product you serve in themarket, it goes with it your name. How customers perceive the product orservices is significant. Most customers often choose the products or servicesthat are appealing to their eyes. It also includes factors like product package,how the product is designed, and even POS system design. What messagesor ideas the product conveys to the customers are also factors. Image of thebrand and market share are determined by these factors. Discerning yourinnovative products and market perception to them is one important groundin determining business’ success (Herrmann Gunter, 2004). With the tight competition in the business industry, each companyattempts to beat its competitors. Businesses are set forinnovation, however, they often lack focus on innovating their marketing designtechniques. This lack of focus is the reason for short time competitiveadvantage. Recent research reveals that a number of small to medium sizedcompanies in the electronics industry have received governmentgrants in order to promote growth in innovative techniques and processes. Some of these were successful. However this implies that most innovativeprocesses manage to be only temporary solution as most small businessesare unable to continue long term innovative processes (Herrmann Gunter, 2004). Innovative processes have to be executed and followed accordingly. Those innovation grants were able to magnify thebusiness with growth to those companies involved. However, it did not result with an increase in profits and productivity. Foreseeing these circumstances,innovation systems show that the entire company should be nvolved in theprocess and utilizing your assets to fully maximize your potential in makinginnovative products and management styles (Herrmann Gunter, 2004). Steps to Innovative Process There certain steps needed during the innovative process when creating and implementing an innovation to any business. 1. Determine the Challenge: The start of innovation process isdetermining the challenge, problem, or goal that needs to be solved. 2. Teamwork: This step utilizes your intellectual assets wherein all partiesparticipate in a brainstorming event to discuss and debate how to fix theinnovation challenge. Combination: All of these ideas discussed in the brainstorming eventare summarized. 4. Assessment: The summary of all the ideas are evaluated and the bestsolution will be chosen by the business leaders with the relevant businessexperience. 5. Research and Development: The chosen solutions undergoes researchand development to determine whether the processes are attainable and willyield a result favorable to the company like increase in profits, businessexpansion and market share. 6. Implementation: Executing the ideas into the team and bring them toreality. . Review: Consider the data generated from the feedback, leadership,and business results regarding how the process was working. 8. Recycle: New challenges are imposed by the review. Consider thesechallenges and start again with the process (now Europe, 2009). For the business to maintain on top, the company shall be in acontinuous process of innovating to maintain creative, business and leadership innovation. This is so recommended considering how the global economic marketplace dances to the tune of tightcompetition. The innovation must be part of the business’s system toprevent unstable progress and share losses. To counter the ever-changingmarketplace and customer demand, innovation must remainconstant (Barsh, Capozzi, Davidson, 2008). Conclusion The concept of innovation hasbeen in the business system for centuries. However, today, it has become aprerequisite to business growth and prosperity. While in the past, a companydared to innovate just to make an edge to the industry, nowadays, it becamean essential factor in business design for the company to survive and profit. The company shall implement, maintain innovation, and make anenvironment that encourages innovation. The company’s workforce is avaluable asset to allowing their process to happen and the use of theseassets is beneficial to the process in various ways. This approach is sosignificant that even those business that have been in the around fordecades and reshaping theirfundamental principles and business values to create an innovativeenvironment. If a company desires to survive today’s market competition, it has to produce an innovation culture and use its assets to be competitive and maintain profitability. How to cite Innovation Planning and Design, Papers

Communicable Diseases for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCommunicable Diseases for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Answer: Introduction Multidrug resistant mycobacteria infections have been the biggest challenge in microbiology and health sector. Generally, tuberculosis is a highly infectious disease caused by several species of mycobacteria, specifically the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This condition causes many deaths because it majorly infects the respiratory system as well as many other tissues like skin, kidneys and bones in advanced stages (Lange et al., 2014). Tuberculosis is linked to many loss of lives annually via tuberculosis or tuberculosis-linked body conditions. The spread of multi drug resistant tuberculosis occurs by being spread from infected carriers (either in active or latent mode) to uninfected persons through the air. There have been high number of mortalities as a result of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection because there are some people who have no symptoms for this condition hence do not initiate treatment early enough. At this stage, there is a need for the early medication to be initiated following the positive testing by these subjects. According to Yuen et al., 2015, bearing in mind the complexity of mycobacterium species, when giving medication (specifically the antibiotics) to the patients. A big challenge however which faces the treatment process of tuberculosis is the emergence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis strains. These strains of mycobacterium undergo several rounds of mutations from time to time and hence they cannot respond to first line drugs. This challenge is faced and felt by all stakeholders including the health practitioners, communities and the government and hence the need for being addressed with due urgency (Meumann et al., 2015). Therefore, this essay explores the problems of facing the treatment of bacterial infections with focus on multidrug resistance in tuberculosis in Australia. Epidemiology The mycobacterium pathogen is passed from a person who is infected to uninfected person through sneezing and coughing, behaviors which spread pathogen droplets into the air. The pathogen is ingested by a healthy person leading to the initial infection with tuberculosis, where the pathogen spreads to several parts of the body under host immune system regulation (Trauer Cheng, 2016). The infection with tuberculosis pathogen occurs in two steps. The first one is the latent step when the body is in a state of carrying the pathogen. The second one is the active step, where the body is unable to suppress the pathogen anymore because it is too weak. The transmission of tuberculosis pathogens occurs shortly following the patient exposuer to the active form of tuberculosis. The mycobacteria cannot be transmitted through some behaviors like sharing clothes, and bedding. This is because such pathogens die when they land on dry surfaces, as opposed to moist surfaces that they prefer in the brea thing system. When the mycobacterium infectious particles are inhaled into an uninfected individual, the particle moves to the respiratory tract and lands in the alveoli. The alveoli are critical in the exchange of oxygen between the lungs, the blood and other tissues. As Subramani et al., 2017 states, although the immune system fights diseases, mycobacterium tuberculosis have cell walls that offer them protection hence they evade the immune response and are not destroyed. During normal host invasion by pathogens, macrophages are the immune cells which surround, engulf and destroy the pathogen using innate immunological mechanisms. In case a patient previously infected by another pathogen, like HIV gets exposed to mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen overwhelms the immune cells and makes the body weaker than it was initially. Active tuberculosis infection causes a widespread distribution of the pathogen from the initial site of infection, that is the alveoli, and spreads out into the blood cir culation and lymphatic system. As Jenkins et al., 2014 reports, in the process, other several tissues in the body like the skin, kidneys, bones, and reproductive system become infected increasing the pathogen load in the host. The most commonly observed signs and symptoms in patients at active step of tuberculosis infection may include weight loss, reduced appetite and fever among other signs. However, it is surprising that there are some patients who are asymptomatic. As the patient sneeze and cough, they spread the infectious materials of Mycobacterium tuberculosis into the tissues, and hence more destruction of the lungs. Screening of mycobacterium tuberculosis According to Xu et al., 2017, Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is in latent step can be tested using several methods to help in early diagnosis and hence initiate early treatment. Mantoux test is able to detect tuberculosis infections as early as at two months following pathogenic infection. Mantoux or skin test involves the injection of a chemical into the skin of the forearm. If the patient develops a red wilt at the point of injection on the skin layers, then the patient is infected by mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogens. However, using the Mantoux test, its not possible to determine the stage of infection, that is, whether it is in latent or active step (Fox et al., 2017). Some other screening methods that can be used are x rays, and acid fact staining, which are commonly used in hospitals. The multi-drug resistance tuberculosis Having a clear understanding of the infection, diagnosis, treatment and control of tuberculosis bacteria is very important. The mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria contain unique features from other bacteria types which makes its pathogenesis to be of special concern as argued by Kendall et al., 2017. For instance, these bacteria have high levels of lipids in their cell wall making them to resist cell wall degradation by antibiotics. The most commonly and effective test for this pathogen is the use of the acid-fast staining method for the presence absence test. It has been noted that the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria have a long latency period because it takes approximately 26 hours for its cell to divide, while other types of bacteria take 6 hours (short latent period) for the bacterial cells to multiply. The main reason as to why mycobacterium tuberculosis infects the respiratory system is because it is an aerobic pathogen. As a result, the lungs have a rich supply of oxygen for exchange with the respiring tissues. A number of the commonly observed multidrug resistance tuberculosis which are a global threat are as a result of errors committed by physicians while others are cause by the negligence by the patients who might fail to comply with medications. According to Tanimura et al., 2015, while nearly most countries face problems with multidrug resistance, the most affected are the developing countries due to low economic status that hinders them from effectively handling the conditions. More specifically, Shekar et al., 2014 argues that the problems of multidrug resistant tuberculosis strains are as a result of bacteria strains which have developed resistance to first line antimicrobials, rifampicin and isoniazid, common drugs used as the first line drugs in tuberculosis treatment. Molecular biology techniques have been widely used in exploring research to counter this problem and more so the manner in which multi drug resistance tuberculosis arises. Taking an example of isoniazid, drug resistance occurs when there are mutations in either the inhA or katG genes of its genetic material. For the rifampicin, drug resistance occurs when mutations develop on the beta subunit of the rpo gene on its DNA molecule (Getahun et al., 2015). In order for bacteria to be resistant to several types or classes of bacteria, there are several types of mutations which occurs in direct and indirect ways. This enables the bacteria species to switch from those that are susceptible to drugs to those that are not. During multi drug resistance tuberculosis bacteria tests, a positive standard of mycobacterium tuberculosis so that it can be used for comparison purposes. There are some other factors which would lead to development of multi drug resistant bacterial strains in tuberculosis and these include; previous medications, malabsorption and lack of proper information (Lange et al., 2014). Other minor but common cause of drug resistance could be a resul t of having problems poor sensitive laboratory diagnostic methods. In this case, the patients might be unaware that they possess multi drug resistant tuberculosis strains and hence may fail to get treatment as early as they are supposed to. Apart from the usual diagnostic and failure to comply with medication, there are other factors which predispose a patient to developing multi drug resistant tuberculosis as compared to another patient. A good example is a situation where a person has HIV/AIDS which in most cases makes the immune system to be weak. In the process of making frequent visits to the hospitals, there is a higher likelihood of one developing multi drug resistance tuberculosis because their immune system is already weak. It is worth noting that the patients who have developed resistance to tuberculosis antimicrobials have only an option of using the second line agents (Kendall et al., 2017). The second line antibiotics are very expensive and are more toxic hence high mortality rates are observed especially on the patients who are susceptible to tuberculosis drug resistances. Patient outcomes on multidrug resistance tuberculosis Once the first line agents have failed, using the second line drugs to treat tuberculosis is economically unfavorable to patients. Apart from costs, these drugs are more toxic hence raising the mortality rates among these patients, as stated by Du Toit et al., 2015. In case there is a possibility of co-infection with other diseases like cancer, HIV/AIDS or hepatitis further weakens their immune system leading to possibilities of deaths. It has been observed that patient with tuberculosis and HIV co-infection undergo poor drug malabsorption and thus high loads of the pathogen. The patients undergo other costs which may hamper treatment are high transport costs, accommodation, poor nutrition, and lack of productivity at workplaces, hence the need to alleviate them from these costs (van den Hof et al., 2016). In the event that the person is suffering from multi drug resistant tuberculosis, their low productivity means that their families are negatively affected and children may drop out of school. According to Rodrigues et al., 2017, patients who attempt to stop treatment when they feel better, need to know that the medical charges of seeking tuberculosis treatment using second line drugs are more expensive, while the toxic effects are so high as opposed to initial treatment. World Health Organization response to multidrug resistance tuberculosis The World Health Organization has recommended that Bacilli Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine be used in regions where tuberculosis disease is most prevalent. The BCG vaccine is made up of a weakened mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium. Upon introduction into the body, the weak pathogen induces production of antibodies. Later on, when the actual pathogen infects the host, these antibodies will remember and mount an immunological response against the pathogen. As Roy et al., 2014 argues, although BCG vaccine has a high efficacy, it could also be affected by the geographical location of the patient as well as the age of the patient during vaccination. Other treatment methods advocated for by the World health organization are TB chemotherapy which include isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin and ethambutol (first line drugs). In case the pathogen has become resistant against these first-line drugs, then the next option is to initiate the second-line drugs on the parent. However, the second-line drugs have more serious side effects because of their low potency means that they need to be taken at higher doses.it is advisable that when tuberculosis treatment is being initiated, there is close monitoring and supervision by qualified health professionals in order to ensure drugs compliance (Manson et al., 2017). It is common that some patients may stop taking medications before the pathogen is cleared from the body. For a complete cure, it is recommended that treatment be carried out for a period of between six to nine months. There exists another method of treating mycobacterium tuberculosis infections, which is less familiar known as the DOTS-Plus technique. This technique uses a direct method of observing patients but on a short period of time. This method is commonly used in poor, rural areas where hospital facilities are not available. Development of multidrug resistance to mycobacterium tuberculosis Multi drug resistance occurs through genetic alterations more specifically via chromosomal mutations in the genes that encode the commonly used drug targets. The accumulation of such chromosomal mutations in genes causes the insurgence of multidrug resistance (Francis et al., 2014). When this happens, the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria become insensitive to one or more and in this cases it is rifampicin and isoniazid. The patients who multi drug resistance bacteria strains can only rely on second-line drugs like fluoroquinolones or use injectable like kanamycin and amikacin. Studies by Rajendran Sethumadhavan, 2014 suggest that in order to counter multidrug mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance, it is vital to have a clear understanding of the basic mechanism of action of first line drugs. Here, isoniazid has been used as an example of common drugs that bacteria have developed resistance against. Isoniazid demonstrates two mechanism of action but based on the rate of bacterial cell multiplication rate. First is that isoniazid being bactericidal agents which kills bacteria in vivo within a short time, especially the fast-replicating cells. On the other hand, isoniazid acts in a bacteriostatic manner to eliminate the slow replicating bacteria strains. Since isoniazid is a prodrug, it needs to be activated in order to be catalytically active. This activation is catalyzed by the enzyme catalase peroxide homeoprotein G which then causes the blockage of mycolic acid synthesis leading to destruction of the bacterial cell walls. Activation of isoniazid is a unique process which only occurs in mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogens leading to the formation of mycolic acid. The development of drug resistance against isoniazid by mycobacterium tuberculosis is caused by mutations in the InhA gene. Multi drug resistance in Australia Tuberculosis is regarded as the most common communicable disease in the world. It is interesting to note that Austria has the lowest prevalence of tuberculosis as a result of its good public health systems. However, there are a few detected cases in the same country making the mortality rates from Australia to be at a rate of 0.6 deaths for every 100,000 people (Australian government department of health, 2016). The effects and prevalence of tuberculosis infections occur frequently among the Aboriginals in Australia as compared to other ethnic groups due to their low level socioeconomic status. This is because they have low self-esteem hence they cant afford basic hospital service. Moreover, since they live in isolation, they do not associate with others nor seek treatment due to rich cultural beliefs. Despite the fact that Australia has for a long time recorded a low rate of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis infections, it is a predictable pattern to find that the indigenous Australi ans and Australians born from overseas have a higher disease burned as compared to the non-indigenous Australians. During the earliest discovery of tuberculosis in Australia, it was the leading cause of mortality and morbidity; indicating that the government has made a lot of efforts to bring the disease to control. However, Roberts-Witteveen et al., 2015 notes that as scientist struggle in microbial research and drug discovery, chemotherapy has been a scientific product which has made it possible to counter the rates of spread of tuberculosis pathogens. According to the reports from the Tuberculosis Control Program in Australia, there are major plans in place which aim at reducing the rates of tuberculosis infection as well as lower the transmission rates by use of improved tuberculosis diagnostic and treatment methods. According to James and Allen, 2016, majority of the tuberculosis infections recorded among the minority groups, a large proportion falls on the Australians who are born overseas, and the lesser proportion falls on the indigenous Australians. Examples of migrant groups in Australia who have common multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections include those from Nepal, India and China. It is worth noting that according to the reports by The Australian Society for infectious Diseases, there is a possibility of previously controlled diseases re-emerging as a result of drug resistance against initially effective drugs (Pacific beat, 2016). Moreover, the Society for Infectious Diseases, warns that the developme nt of multi drug resistant tuberculosis strains is the most common just as the cases being observed in the Queensland region. World Health Organization recognizes that after a long period since the declaration of tuberculosis as a global health concern, there has been significant progress made to deal with its treatment. On the other hand, there has been too little progress in terms of controlling the multidrug resistant tuberculosis. The World Health Organization estimates that the overall cost of treating multidrug resistant tuberculosis is more than one hundred times more than that of those people susceptible to tuberculosis. This clearly means that there is an urgent need for the department of public health and planning to come up with more effective educative, diagnostic and treatment methods to deal with this menace before it spreads to the rest of the Australians (El-Abaseri et al., 2015). The most common toxic effects during the use of second-line agents in tuberculosis are ototoxicity and hepatitis. The side effects require that there should be more details in terms of clinical tests, monitoring an d coming up with better therapeutic agents. Conclusion In summary, the issue of multi drug resistance tuberculosis presents serious problems to the success of mycobacterium tuberculosis treatment efforts. Bearing in mind that the second line mycobacterium tuberculosis drugs are expensive and having high toxicity, there are still challenges in achieving proper treatment. Co-infection with other diseases has been found to increase susceptibility to multidrug tuberculosis infections due to weakened immune system. The ministry of health in Australia needs to formulate and implement preventive and early tuberculosis treatment programs. As these programs run, they should be closely monitored to find out whether they are actually achieving the intended purpose or not. Moreover, in Australia, it is important to lay more emphasis to the health of the Indigenous populations who in most cases are the victims of health disparities. The Australian government should also engage in campaigns, even door to door and if possible integrate screening and tr eatment at either affordable or no costs at all. Such efforts will make it possible to lower the transmission rates to the healthy population. 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